BT1

Building Material

Any material used for CONSTRUCTION

Stress

Internal RESISTANCE to external forces

Strain

DEFORMATION of a body under the action of applied force

Elasticity

Ability of material to RETURN to its original shape after deformation

Torsion

TWISTING of an elastic body caused by two EQUAL and OPPOSITE torques

Bending

BOWLING of an elastic body as force is applied TRANSVERSELY

Tension

The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart

Strength

Capacity of material to resist PHYSICAL FORCES imposed on it.

Compression

The state of being pushed together.

Eccentric Force

Force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis but NOT to the centroid

Stiffness

Measure of force required to push or pull a material into ELASTIC LIMIT.

Ductility

Materials that undergo PLASTIC DEFORMATION for it to be drawn.

Malleability

Permits deformation WITHOUT fracture. Forged into thin sheets.

Brittleness

When subjected to stress, it breaks without significant deformation.

Strength, Hardness, Durability, Workability, Density

Qualities of stone

Stone

An aggregate or combination of minerals composed of inorganic chemical substances

Igneous Rock

Formed by the CRYSTALLIZATION of magma.

Metamorphic Rock

Rocks that had undergone change in structure due to high HEAT and PRESSURE.

Sedimentary rock

Rock formed by the DEPOSITION and CONSOLIDATION of sediments by glacial action

Rubble Stone

Stone delivered from quarries with rough and IRREGULAR shape.

Dimension Stone

Stone cut into SPECIFIC SIZES and dimensions.

Rubble Work

Masonry of ROUGH, undressed stones.

Scrabbled Rubble

ONLY THE ROUGHEST irregularities are knocked off.

Range Rubble

When stones in EACH course are rudely DRESSED TO A UNIFORM HEIGHT.

Ashlar

SQUARED STONES in regular courses

Ranged work/ Coursed Ashlar

UNIFORM courses with stones UNIFORM in size

Broken Range Ashlar

Width of the courses and length of stones are VARIED to produce a less regular pattern.

Random Course

LARGE stones combine with SMALL ones to achieve an interesting effect.

Rustic or Rock work

Courses of stone face which is JAGGED to present a ROUGH surface

Wood

Material gathered from TREES.

Hardness, Flexibility, Strength, Durability

Properties of Natural Wood

Softwood

Comes from the conifers which have NEEDLES instead of leaves.

Hardwood

Comes from the BROAD-LEAVED or DECIDUOUS TREES.

Sapwood

SOFTER YOUNGER portion of the tree that lies between the cambium.

Heartwood

The OLDER, HARDER (:^) ) central portion of a tree.

Decay

Defect in wood caused by the attack of FUNGI.

Checks

Cracks ACROSS ANNUAL RING of growth. (Lengthwise)

Shakes

Cracks PARALLEL to the ANNUAL RING of growth

Knots

IRREGULAR GROWTHS in the body of a tree which interrupts the smooth grain of wood.

Pitchpockets

Well defined openings containing SOLID or LIQUID PITCH.

Wane

Lack of wood on the EDGE or CORNER

Warping

Variation caused by unequal shrinkage of the board.

Crook

Distortion of the board where the EDGE is CONVEX or CONCAVE longitudinal

Bow

Distortion of the board where the FACE is CONVEX or CONCAVE longitudinal

Cup

Distortion of the board where the FACE is CONVEX or CONCAVE ACROSS the board

Twist

Distortion of the board where one CORNER is RAISED.

Plainsawing

Lumber cut TANGENT to annual rings

Quartersawing

Wood cut RADIALLY to annual rings at an angle of 45 and 90 deg.

Lumber

Wood used in CONSTRUCTION

Strips

Lumber LESS THAN 2" THICK AND LESS THAN 8" WIDE

Board Lumber

Lumber LESS THAN 2" THICK and at least 8" WIDE

Dimension Lumber

Lumber MORE THAN 2" THICK and LESS THAN 5" WIDE

Timber

Lumber 5" MORE on the smallest dimension

Nominal Size

Size of lumber when it is CUT from the log.

Finished Size

FINAL SIZE after the lumber is dried and planed on all sides.

Board Feet

Commercial standard for wood.

Seasoning

Process of REMOVING MOISTURE from green wood

Green Wood

FRESHLY CUT wood from logs.

Air Drying

Lumber is EXPOSED TO AIR

Kiln Drying

Placed in a KILN to dry.

Concrete

Made by mixing CEMENT and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to set and bind material.

Portland Cement

Resembles a unique limestone found in the isle of PORTLAND.

Pozzolan

Natural cement from PUZZUOLI, an ancient Roman town.

Cement, Sand, Gravel, Water, Admixture

Concrete mixture.

Type I Cement-

Normal- For general construction

Type II Cement

Moderate - Sulfate resistant, used for large piers and heavy retaining walls

Type III Cement

High Early Strength- Cures faster in 3-7 days and gains earlier strength

Type IV Cement

Low Heat - Generates less heat hydration, used for massive concrete structures.

Type V Cement

Sulfate Resistant - used where resistance to high sulfate action is needed.

Mortar

Cement + Sand + Water

Plaster

Cement + Lime + Sand + Water

Grout

Cement + Sand + Considerable amount of water

Paste

Cement + water

Pozzolanic Admixture

Substitute for cement to DECREASE WEIGHT of concrete per cubic foot

Water Reducing Admixture

Agent or super plasticizer that improves WORKABILITY of concrete

Waterproofing Admixture

Admixture that renders finished product IMPERVIOUS to WATER

Coloring Agent

PIGMENTS OR DYE are added to alter color

Surface Sealing Agents

Liquid waxes sprayed over the surface to SEAL THE PORES of concrete

Set Inhibiting Agent

INHIBITS the setting of cement paste.

Bonding Agent

Improves the BOND of concrete

Dispersal Agent

Prevents BLEEDING of concrete

Air-Entraining Agent

Enables concrete to be highly RESISTANT AGAINST CORROSION.

Gas-Forming Agent

Develops POTENTIAL STRENGTH in concrete

Non-Skid Surfaces

Uses ABRASIVE material in TOPPINGS to prevent slips

Hardener

Admixture that improves the DENSITY of concrete

Accelerator

SPEEDS up the SETTING of concrete to reduce the whole curing period

Retarder

DELAYS or EXTENDS the SETTING TIME of concrete.

Manual Mixing

Mixing of concrete through the use of SHOVEL and BUGGY.

Small Power Mixing

Manual Mixing using ROTATING DRUM

Bagger Mixer

Equipment with DIESEL ENGINE for mixing concrete.

Ready-Mixed

Concrete is MIXED AT THE PLANT for delivery

Shrink-Mixed

Concrete is PARTIALLY MIXED at plant then MIXED COMPLETELY in a truck

Transit Mixed

Concrete is a DRY BATCH at the plant and MIXED on the way to the site.

Gunite

Concrete is pumped through a hose and SPRAYED at high velocity.

Slump Test

Test to determine the consistency of concrete using a SLUMP CONE.

Compressive Cylinder Test

Test to determine COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH of concrete mixture

Reinforced Concrete

Technique of INFUSING metal rods or bars into concrete so that TENSION and COMPRESSION works hand in hand together without failure.

Stratification

SEPARATION of lighter materials.

Cast-in-place

Concrete deposited, formed and finished in its FINAL POSITION.

Slip-Form

Form that is MOVED SLOWLY as concrete is being placed during construction