pvcc bio unit 9

most used energy source in US

petroleum

net energy

amount of energy supplied by resource minus amount of energy needed to obtain it

low net energy

nuclear power

government subsides

government expenditure to make it more affordable

conventional oil

easily accessible, light, shallow, peak production for 10 years, high net energy

unconventional / crude oil

heavier, deeper, lower net energy

proven oil reserves

profitable with current technology

unproven oil reserves

still to be explored

oil refining

oil is heated to extract to extract different components w different boiling points

top three producers of oil

US, Saudi Arabia, Russia

top three consumers of oil

US, China, India

heavy oil - shale

deep rocks from colorado, wyoming, utah

low net energy

requires fracking

heavy oil - tar sands

alberta, canada

forest clear cut, land mined, flow to refinery

3-5x GHGs

keystone pipeline

transport oil from alberta to nebraska

830k barrels a day

2015 - rejected by obama admin for env. concerns

2017 - trump admin invited transcanada to resubmit app

exxons pegasus pipeline

5000 barrels spilled

22 ft crack in pipeline

80 animals in rehab

arkansas

lynchburg VA - 2015

james river conatimnation

train derailment

tar sand bitumen

deepwater horizon oil spill

explosion was capped - 4.9 million barrels of oil

exxon v. deepwater

oil tanker v well, surface vs below surface

natural gas

50-90 percent methane, propane, butane

above crude oil reserves, shale rock formations

medium net energy

releases less CO2

hydraulic fracturing

forcing gas out of rock w water

fracking issues

water pollution, air pollution, earthquakes

fracking water pollution

tap water from martin county

mining polluted well

MD, VM, NY banned

transport pipelines

contractors brought in from out of state

eminent domain

gov has power to take private property and use it for public use

mineral rights

the ownership of underground resources

atlantic coast pipeline

wv > nc

compressor station

to compress gas through pipeline, emit pollutants that increase risk

coal

solid, plentiful, high net energy

coal - energy

burning coal to create steam to spin turbine

coal air pollution

largest GHG emissions, SO2 CO2,

environmental racism

78% of african americans live within 30 miles of coal power plant

baton rouge, LA

cancer alley

coal ash / fly ash

ash left from burning highly toxic

2008 spill

clinch river , TN, 90 miles of river

duke energy spill

70 miles dan river

dominion power coal ash closures

remove and treat surface water, cap sludge in place, monitoring for metals

nuclear energy

low CO2 emissions, very low net energy

nuclear process

reactors use heal produced during atomic fission to produce pressurized steam

fukashima v chernobyl

earthquake and tsunami v power outage, 40 miles and 300+ miles

nuclear waste

fuel rods replaced every 3-4 years, cooled in ponds for 5-10 years, placed in dry casks