Phli 328-Dr.Lee Final exam

According to some observers, Jahi McMath even went through ________ despite being pronounced dead based on neurological criteria.

Puberty

Why, according to Veatch, have some people argued that “no rational person would opt for a literal whole-brain definition of death”?

The mere presence of brain stem reflexes does not give someone human rights or responsibilities
 Because a literal whole-brain definition would require that every single brain function, including trivial ones like certain reflexes or hormonal functions, be lost for death to be declared. This is seen as unreasonable, since some brain functions (e.g., neurohormonal regulation) can persist even in brain-dead individuals, and their loss is not morally relevant to whether someone is dead.

What are the three main views of when death occurs according to this article?

1. Whole-brain view: 

2. Cardiocirculatory view: 

   1. Higher-brain view:
      

What is the whole-brain view of death?

• irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain, including brainstem.

 What is the higher-brain view death

 irreversible loss of higher brain functions sufficient for death (consciousness, capacity for social interaction)

What is the cardiocirculatory/somatic view of death?

 irreversible loss of circulatory/respiratory function is necessary for death

Does Veatch argue that patients should be declared dead using (a) circulatory criteria, (b) whole-brain criteria, (c) higher-brain criteria, or (d) criteria of their choice?

D

The question of what it means to be dead is not a ________ one. It is a moral/public policy matter…”

Scientific

What percentage of participants in Nair-Collins’ sample of Americans said they would be willing to donate organs in “irreversible apneic coma” even if organ retrieval was described as causing death?

67

What percentage of participants who said they were willing to donate organs “after death” claimed that they were unsure whether they would be willing, or that they would be unwilling, to donate organs in such circumstances?

19-30

What is the point of the example of the artificially supported amputated arm?

The ability to maintain homeostasis does not make you alive

“Humans die when they irreversibly lose the properties which meant that they had ________”

Morally relevant interests

What is the Moderately Liberal Concept of Death?

Death is the loss of the capacity of moral status

 “It is precisely on the basis of [the Moderately Liberal Concept of Death] that we can understand why death can be considered as ________ and why death ________”

• bad for humans;gives reasons for mourning

What two arguments does Nowak make in favor of the Moderately Liberal Concept of Death in this quote?

1. Death is bad (harm) for humans because it deprives them of future goods they would have experienced.

   1. Death gives reasons for mourning because it marks the loss of a being with moral status and personal significance.

What does the dead donor rule (DDR) say?

1. Donors cannot be made dead in order to obtain their organs

2. Vital organs cannot be removed before the donor dies.

Do Masek’s objections to the DDR presuppose consequentialism?

no

What is the point of the “fetal surgery case”?

• Can be permissible to harm others in the benefit of others

According to Masek, would lethal organ donation violate the principle of double effect (DDE)?

no

 Does the American College of Physicians (ACP) support current use of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP)?

no

Which of the ACP’s central objections to NRP does Lee primarily respond to?

The objection that NRP violates the DDR because it kills the donor

What does the Uniform Determination of Death Act say?

Brain OR circulatory respiratory function loss

According to James Bernat, under what conditions has a function ceased permanently?

1. Circulation has permanently ceased if it cannot start on its own and not be made to the patient

What happens 5 minutes after cardiac arrest in NRP and NMP, respectively?

• In NRP: After a 5-minute waiting period, arteries leading to the brain are occluded(blocked), then warm circulation is reinitiated in the abdomen.

  • In NMP: After a 5-minute waiting period, organs are rapidly retrieved and perfused using machines

Lee argues that the reasoning underlying the objection that NRP causes death would imply that ________ does the same.

NMP

Does Lee maintain that NRP donors are dead prior to organ retrieval?

No

 What does the “transitivity criterion” say?

It says: If a causes b and b causes c, then a causes c.

 What does the “counterfactual criterion” say?

A person p causes a consequence c by performing action a only if c would not have occurred if p had not performed a.

Why, according to the 2008 President's Council, does brain death constitute the death of the organism?

Brain dead patients cannot breathe spontaneously

Chen, Sade, and Entwistle observe that brain dead individuals "can continue to _________, ______________, and ________________"

 digest food; produce and expel metabolic waste; and maintain body temperature and homeostasis.

Chen, Sade, and Entwistle maintain that the biological functions of brain-dead individuals are "as critical to the ___________ of the organism as respiration"

fundamental vital work

Why, according to the authors, are DCD donors not dead "by a literal reading of the UDDA"

• Circulation could still be restored (not irreversibly loss), not brain dead

  • They have not irreversibly lost circulation

According to the authors' proposal, who would be eligible to donate organs by DID?

• Any patient with a severe brain injury in whom imminent death has been determined, the decision to withdraw life support has been made, and the patient or surrogate has expressed the desire to donate organs.

 What, according to Marquis, is wrong with the theory that killing is wrong because of its "brutalizing" effect on the one who kills?

• To brutalize it would already have to be wrong. Killing brutalize the killer because its wrong

Why is abortion immoral, according to Marquis?

 Abortion is wrong because it deprives the fetus of a "future-like-ours"—a future of valuable experiences

The category that is morally central to this analysis is the category of ______________; it is not the category of __________"

having a valuable future like ours; personhood

One objection to Marquis's argument against abortion maintains that it implies that _____________ is just as seriously wrong as murder

contraception

How does Tooley argue that abortion is morally permissible?

• Tooley argues that a fetus does not have the desire to continue existence

Paul Bassen has argued that, even though the prospects of an embryo might seem to be a basis for the wrongness of abortion, an embryo cannot be a __________ and therefore cannot be wronged"

Victim

What is the famous violinist case, and what is it meant to show?

It is meant to show that: Abortion is permissible even if the fetus is a person.

According to Thomson, would it be permissible to unplug yourself from the famous violinist in her example?

 Yes, it would be permissible.

 "I am arguing only that having a right to life does not guarantee having either a right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed continued use of ___________-even if one needs it for life itself"

another person's body.

 What is the people-seeds case, and what is it meant to show?

 It is meant to show that: Abortion can be permissible even when the fetus was conceived through consensual intercourse

What is Thomson's distinction between "Good Samaritans" and "Minimally Decent Samaritans"? Would carrying a pregnancy make one a Good or a Minimally Decent Samaritan?

• A Good Samaritan goes out of their way, a (big sacrifice), to help someone in need. A Minimally Decent Samaritan does only what is easily required(small sacrifices) (e.g., calling the police).

  • Carrying a pregnancy to term would generally make one a Good Samaritan

Does Thomson think that the permissibility of abortion depends on whether the embryo or fetus is a person?

no

Does Thomson believe that embryos are persons from the moment of conception?

no

 What is the "Identity Objection" (IO) to Marquis's future-like-ours (FLO) argument?

• The Identity Objection holds that FLO assumes an identity between the fetus and the relevant future adult that cannot be legitimately assumed. For the fetus to be deprived of that future, it must "possess" it in the same way an adult does, but this may not be the case due to a lack of psychological continuity or the right kind of identity.

What is the "Contraception Objection" (CO) to Marquis's FLO argument?

Contracption is just as bad as murder

"If an object undergoes change over time, we can coherently posit that it remains the same individual through those changes only if all of the changes are with respect to __________ properties. If any of the changes are ____________, the original individual has ceased to exist and been replaced by a new one"

accidental; essential

The principle of identity (POI) states: "For two entities, A and B, in order for A to be the identical individual as B, it is necessary (but not sufficient) that A and B have exactly the same _____________ properties"

essential

"Brill maintains that being a subject of experiences is an ____________ property, such that until subjective consciousness emerges, the one who would be deprived of a future-like-ours does not yet exist

essential

Reitan argues that Marquis "has avoided the ______________ issue in name only"

personhood