zoo test 2

Phylum Cnidaria

dimorphic: medusa and polyp
jellyfish, sea anemones, corals
cnidocytes in skin, have barbed nematocysts
mesoglea btwn gastrodermis and epidermis

Classes Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, Hydrozoa

in Phylum Cnidaria
- sea anemones, corals
- true jellyfishies
- colonial (medusa -> polyp), manowar, hydrocorals

Phylum Ctenophora

comb jellies, sea walnut, bioluminescent
colloblasts: sticky tentacle for catching prey

Group Platyzoa

bilaterally symmetrical, cephalization
includes Phylum Platyhelminthes with:
Turbellaria: flat worm, locomote by cilia
3 other classes, all parasites in some form

Acoelomates

the weird super flat worm glorby guys with mildly penis eating tube, also bilaterally symmetrical and exhibit cephalization

Phylum Mollusca

- shells of calcium carbonate
- most are marine xcept a couple gastropods
- radula: tongue with lots of raspy microteeth
- foot: foot.
- mantle: dorsal body wall, secretes shell

Classes Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora, Scaphopoda

inside Phylum Mollusca:
- multi-plated shell sluggy boy
- single rounded shell sluggy boy
- tusk-shaped shell, sedentery, captacula: ciliated feeding tentacles

Class Gastropoda

inside Phylum Mollusca:
snails and slugs, radula, most have gills but some have a lung.
single conspiral shell (torsion)

Class Bivalvia

inside Phylum Mollusca:
clams, mussels, the homies.
two shells connected by a hinge, strong muscle clamps as danger response. locomotes by muscular foot and jet propulsion.

Class Cephalopoda

inside Phylum Mollusca:
- octopi, nautili, cuttlefi, and squi
tentacles instead of feet, brains and eyes, jet propulsion, chromatophores for camoflauge, beak and radula
in nautilus: external shell divided by septa

Phylum Annelida

segmented worms, body segments aka Metameres, setae: chitinous bristles

Class Polychaeta

inside Phylum Annelida
- prostomium w/ eyes, sensory tentacles
- parapodia, everted pharynx, reproduction by epitoky??

Class Clitellata

earthworms n leeches, hermaphoriditc, possess clitellum
Oligochaeta (earthworms):
- no eyes or tentacles or parapodia, few setae, peristaltic waves for locomotion
Hirudinea (leeches):
- two suckers: anterior feeds, posterior is locomote
- big salivary glands w blood thinners

Classes Echiura and Sipuncula

sedentary burrowing types
Echiura: spoon worms, long proboscis
Sipuncula: no setae/segmentation, has retractable mouth w/ tentacles

Smaller Ecdysozoans

builds a cuticle: layer of organic material functioning as skeleton
skeleton is thinner and lighter than in others
no joints required, flexible if thin enough

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms, hookworms, heartworms - all parasites
no cilia or flagella,
pseudocoelomates: incomplete coelem

lots of classes we learned nothing abt, like Nematomorpha, Loricifera, Kinorhycha, Priapulida.

Phylum Arthropoda

5 subphyla: Hexapoda, Crustacea, Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Myriapoda
- segmented into head, abdomen, thorax
- tagmata: fused body segments w/ specialized functions
- exoskeleton with tough epicuticle (chitinous)
- uniramous/biramous, chelicerae/mandibles

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

trilobites (extinct), segmented body, pygidium instead of tail, compound eyes and biramous fingers

Subphylum Chelicerata

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs
- two-body tagmata, with cephalothorax
- 8 legs, 2 chelicerae, 2 pedipalps

Class Merostomata

inside Subphylum Chelicerata
horseshoe crabs

Class Arachnida

inside Subphylum Chelicerata
spiders, scorpions, ticks: predatory meat eaters
some immobilize prey, inject digestive enzymes. 8 eyes.

Subphylum Myriapoda

Chilopoda: centipedes
- carnivores, maxillipeds, 2 pairs of maxillae
Diplopoda: millipedes
- deposit feeders, 1 pair maxillae, 2 leg pairs per segment

Subphylum Crustacea

aquatic, two pairs of sensory antennae, five pairs of mouth appendages, biramous appendages, excretory system in head

Class Malacostraca (only crustacean class that matters)

inside Subphylum Crustacea
- fused head and thorax, 8 thoracic segments
- telson (tail), some have chromatophores?
- maxillipeds (food limbs), pereopods (walking), pleopods/uropods (swimmin)
- shrimp, crayfish, isopods, crabs

Class Branchiopoda, Ostracoda

stupid small crustaceans

Classes Copipoda, Pentastomida, Cirripedia

more stupid small crustaceans but even smaller

Subphylum Hexapoda

divided into Entognatha and Ectognatha
Ectognatha contains Insecta

Entognatha

primitive insects with mouthparts retracted within the head
Orders Protura and Diplura: eyeless, tiny, inhabit soils
Order Collembola: springtails, live in soil, numerous

Class Insecta (Ectognatha)

- tagmata (fused body segments with specialized functions)
- chitinous exoskeleton, secreted, has tough epicuticle
- abdomen: no appendages. thorax: 2prs wings, 3prs legs, head: 3prs mouthparts
- social systems, internal fertilization

hemimetabolous development vs holometabolous development

hemimetabolous: no larval stage, nymphs before adulthood look like mini adults
holometabolous: has a larval stage, ova -> larva -> pupa -> imago/adult

vector and fomite

vector: living things carrying disease
fomite: non-living things carrying disease
parasite, vector, blood host

Phylum Echinodermata

starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars
- pentaradial, no cephalization
- calcerous endoskeleton, autonomy/regeneration
- external spines n pincers, tube feet
- "catch collagen" allows skin to be liquidy or rigid

Class Asteroidea

Phylum Echinodermata - sea stars!! their gonads and digestive systems extend into their arms

Class Crinoidea

sea lilies, feather stars - Phylum Echinodermata
- suspension feeders, oral surface pointed up

Class Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea

all of Phylum Echinodermata
- brittle stars
- sea urchins/sand dollars
- SEA CUCUMBER

5 traits of chordates

1. All chordates have a notochord (at some point in dvlopmnt)
2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord (folding of ectoderm)
3. Pharyngeal slits/pouches (first 2 arches become jaws)
4. Postanal tail
5. Endostyle/thyroid gland

Three subphyla of Phylum Chordata

1. Urochordata - the tunicates
2. Cephalochordata - the lancelets
3. Vertebrata - the vertebrates

Group Agnatha

no jaws
Class Myxini (hagfishes): pores of slime as defense, tie self in knot, deep-sea scavengers
Class Petromyzontida (lampreys): parasitic as adults, baby lamprey very similar to grown lancelet

Group Gnathostomata

they have jaws
includes Class Chondrichthyes and Superclass Osteichthyes

Class Chondrichthyes

- no bones, just cartilage, fusiform body, heterocercal tail
Sharks:
- good sense of smell, sense of vibration in lateral line
- regenerating teeth, spiral valve intestine
Skates and Rays:
- flattened body, mostly benthic, teeth for crushing
- venomous spines, electric discharge

Chondrichthyes subclasses

Elasmobranchii: sharks, skates, rays
Holocephali: chimaeras!! no teeth, crush food on plate.

Superclass Osteichthyes

bony fishes, endochondral bone that grows within cartilage (vascularization aids in healing)
- gills covered in OPERCULUM
- buoyancy in the SWIM BLADDER
- specialization of jaws, cranial, dental characteristics
Actinopterygii: Homocercal tail
Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned tail