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distribution, abundance
Ecology is the study of factors that determine the _______ and _________ of species
where an organism lives
what does distribution represent?
dynamic
are distributions static or dynamic?
geographic range and habitat types
2 components of distribution
niche
range of conditions and resources within which a species can persist indefinitely
fundamental niche
a wider niche where a species could possibly live disregarding other species competition/predation
realized niche
narrower niche where a species can really live based on other species presence and predation
environmental gradients
how are species distributions graphed?
a niche axis
what does each gradient on a graph represent?
they need cold temps for gonads to develop
Why do all northern rock barnacles live where winter temp is 8 deg. C or lower
number of warm summer days, they cannot incubate young if it isn’t warm enough
What sets the northern limit for rattlesnakes? why?
young, adults
In general, ________ organisms are often more sensitive to environmental extremes than _________
survive, reproduce
adults may be able to _________, but not __________, if beyond their natural range (niche)
the chipmunks live at any elevation when alone but when the other species is present they split the mountain between high and low
what shows the indirect effects on the distribution of 2 species of chipmucks?
trees are only up high, uinta chipmunks go there to hide from the more aggressive cliff chipmunks that stay on the ground
what causes the utah chipmunks to split up the mountain elevation between species
adaptations
are genetically influenced traits that enhances the fitness of an individual organism under a particular set of limiting factors
physiological, physical, behavioral
3 different types of adaptations
adaptation is through natural selection
difference between adaptation and acclimation
beech scale insect which feeds on the beech trees
how does beech bark disease get spread?
kills beech trees, beech nut production decrease, ripple effect to animals who eat them
effects of beech bark disease
abiotic factors
Temperature, Moisture, and other physical/chemical factors
ordination graph
way to visualize similarities and differences between study sites
gauss’s principle
species that have the exact same niche cannot coexist
when trees are uprooted
how are pits and mounds formed in the woods
latitude, mountains, coasts
continental patterns that affect species distribution
causes temperature differences which affects wind/ocean currents
why is the angle that the sun hits the earth important to species distribution?
evapotranspiration
Combines evaporation from the soil and other abiotic surfaces with transpiration from plant leaves
high temperatures
what environments have more evapotranspiration?
temperature, temp and precip
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) depends on ___________
Actual evapotranspiration(AET) depends on both ________ actually available to evaporate.
C3
“normal” pathway for photosynthesis
• Evolved first
RUBISCO
enzyme used to fix carbon in photosynthesis in C3 plants
high temperatures
when is C3/Rubisco inefficient?
trees, shrubs, wildflowers
common C3 plants
C4
a more efficient method of fixing CO 2 in hot, dry areas
PEP carboxylase
enzyme used to fix CO2 in C4 plants
many grasses, corn, pineapple
common C4 plants
warmer days/colder nights, low humidity, higher snow cover and wind speed, high direct sun
how does the microclimate of open fields compare to closed forests?
many species have evolved for specific climates/microclimates
why is climate change a concren?
that have evolved at a place, gone extinct, dispersed in
The species pool in any given location is a function of the species__________, minus the species that have _________, plus the species that have ____________