Chapter 21

Which of the following metabolic processes releases hydrogen ions to body fluids?

Anaerobic respiration of glucose

Aerobic respiration of glucose

Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

Oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids

All of the above

All of the above

Obstruction of the airways leads to

respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

high pH alkalosis.

respiratory acidosis.

Which of the following is a physiological buffer?

Bicarbonate buffer

Phosphate buffer

Protein buffer

Renal mechanism

Alka seltzer

Renal mechanism

Respiratory alkalosis can be

caused by anything that decreases breathing rate.

compensated for by a decreased secretion of bases in the kidneys.

compensated for by a decreased respiratory rate.

characterized by muscle paralysis.

inherited.

compensated for by a decreased respiratory rate.

The thirst center is located in the

thalamus.

hypothalamus.

midbrain.

medulla oblongata.

kidneys.

hypothalamus.

The respiratory center is most likely to increase the breathing rate if the

concentration of carbonic acid is decreasing.

pH of body fluids is decreasing.

pH of body fluids is increasing.

concentration of sodium bicarbonate is increasing.

none of the above.

pH of body fluids is decreasing.

Water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent because

water dissolves in electrolytes.

water and electrolytes are both in an ionic state in the blood.

both form ions in blood.

electrolytes are dissolved in water.

none of the above.

electrolytes are dissolved in water.

The hormone aldosterone promotes the

reabsorption of sodium.

secretion of sodium.

reabsorption of potassium.

secretion of calcium.

excretion of sodium.

reabsorption of sodium.

A strong acid is one that _____ and an example is _____.

ionizes more completely; H2CO3

ionizes less completely; H2SO4

gives off less H+; H3PO4

ionizes more completely; HC1

easily forms covalent bonds; NaCl

ionizes more completely; HC1

If excess water enters the body,

ADH release increases.

more water is reabsorbed from the renal tubules.

osmoreceptors in the brain swell.

the collecting duct becomes more permeable to water.

the person becomes intensely thirsty.

osmoreceptors in the brain swell.

Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to

respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

none of the above.

metabolic acidosis.

Extracellular fluids have relatively

high sodium and low potassium concentrations.

high sodium and high potassium concentrations.

low sodium and low potassium concentrations.

low sodium and high potassium concentrations.

higher concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions.

high sodium and low potassium concentrations.

Edema is

always hereditary.

caused by hyperproteinemia.

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

caused by depressed venous pressure.

a response to dehydration.

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes in the

cerebrospinal fluid.

aqueous and vitreous humors of the eyes.

synovial fluid of the joints.

serous fluid in body cavities.

all of the above.

all of the above.

The sequence of symptoms of heatstroke is

neurological symptoms, dizziness, skin reddening, and then headache and racing heart.

headache, dizziness, exhaustion, then sweating, which stops as the skin becomes red, hot, and dry. Then breathing rate increases, pulse races, and neurological symptoms begin. Kidney failure and/or heart arrhythmia can be fatal.

intense itching, profuse sweating, kidney failure, racing pulse, headache.

fever, itching, redness, headache, numb extremities, vomiting.

heart palpitations, rash, panic attack, profuse sweating.

headache, dizziness, exhaustion, then sweating, which stops as the skin becomes red, hot, and dry. Then breathing rate increases, pulse races, and neurological symptoms begin. Kidney failure and/or heart arrhythmia can be fatal.

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are

actively reabsorbed.

passively reabsorbed.

secreted.

resorbed.

destroyed.

secreted.

The movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by

diffusion and osmosis.

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.

pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

active and passive transport.

diet and weather.

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include

light headedness.

agitation.

tingling.

titanic muscle contractions.

all of the above.

all of the above.

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

1%.

10%.

25%.

58%

75%.

1%.

A person in a moderate environment would lose the greatest volume of water in

sweat.

mucus.

feces.

urine.

blood.

urine.

Acidosis is a pH of arterial blood

below 4.5

above 4.5

below 7.35

above 7.35

above 10.

below 7.35

Water of metabolism is

water that a person drinks after exercising.

water that is in food.

a by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients.

only present in adults.

from eating moist foods.

a by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients.

The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by _____.

an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water

a decrease in the osmotic pressure; stimulation of osmoreceptors

a decrease in sodium ions; an increase in sodium ions

nerve impulses from the cerebrum; nerve impulses from the thalamus

none of the above.

an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water

The primary stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is

rising potassium concentration.

falling potassium concentration.

rising sodium concentration.

falling sodium concentration.

taking in too much water.

rising potassium concentration.

Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by

converting weak acids to strong acids.

converting strong acids to weak acids.

increasing breathing rate.

promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions.

ensuring that the number of acid molecules equals the number of base molecules.

converting strong acids to weak acids.

Ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may lead to

respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

endocrine acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

Prolonged vomiting, in which only the stomach contents are lost, leads to

respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

any of the above.

metabolic alkalosis.

Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female has

more water and more adipose tissue.

more water and less adipose tissue.

less water and more adipose tissue.

less water and less adipose tissue.

the same amount of water and adipose tissue.

less water and more adipose tissue.

The phosphate buffer system consists of

monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate.

hydrochloric acid and monohydrogen phosphate.

sodium chloride and monohydrogen phosphate.

dihydrogen phosphate and bicarbonate.

amino acids.

monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate.

Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. The stimulus to stop drinking comes from

distension of her stomach.

hormones secreted by stomach cells.

changes in intracellular fluid concentration.

changes in extracellular fluid concentration.

a signal from her brainstem.

distension of her stomach.

The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is

1:2

2:1

1:1

3:2

2:3

2:1

The technical term for water intoxication is

hypoglycemia.

hyperarrhythmia.

hyponatremia.

hypoxia.

dihydrogen oxide alcoholism

hyponatremia.

ADH level in nephrons regulates water output by causing the _____.

glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule to filter less or more water

glomerular capsule and nephron loop to absorb more or less water

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less sodium ions

peritubular capillaries to carry more or less blood.

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Plasma

Lymph

Interstitial fluid

Transcellular fluid

Cell membrane fluid

Interstitial fluid

Hyperkalemia can be caused by

renal disease, which reduces potassium excretion.

drugs that promote renal conservation of potassium.

insufficient secretion of aldosterone.

a shift of potassium from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.

all of the above

all of the above

People who are at high risk for heatstroke include

people prone to fevers and infants.

people who have mice for pets.

mountain climbers and elderly marathoners

athletes who exercise in high heat, soldiers in the desert, the very young and the very old.

none of the above.

athletes who exercise in high heat, soldiers in the desert, the very young and the very old.

Which of the following body compartments is correctly matched with its location in the body?

intracellular-all fluids outside cells

extracellular-fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

extracellular-fluid in cells

transcellular-between the lipid layers of cell membranes

none of the above

extracellular-fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Hyponatremia is

skeletal muscle paralysis.

caused by elevated levels of aldosterone.

high blood sodium.

more likely in runners who are in a long race, have an extreme body mass index, and drink a great deal during the event.

another term for dehydration.

more likely in runners who are in a long race, have an extreme body mass index, and drink a great deal during the event.

A person usually drinks about ____ milliliters a day.

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1,500

Maxwell has just finished a brutal 10 kilometer run. His body has

an increased production of carbonic acid and increased pH of body fluids.

an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.

a decreased production of carbonic acid, and increased pH of body fluids.

a decreased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.

no change in production of carbonic acid or pH.

an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.

Effects of hypokalemia include

muscle weakness.

acne.

sweating.

diabetes.

all of the above

muscle weakness.

Hyperventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis.

metabolic acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

emphysema.

respiratory alkalosis.

Water intoxication causes

low blood sodium.

high blood sodium.

no blood sodium.

vomiting from drinking too much beer.

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

low blood sodium.

Hypernatremia

can be caused by high fever.

can be caused by low levels of ADH.

causes confusion, stupor, and coma.

is high sodium concentration.

all of the above

all of the above

Intracellular fluids have high concentrations of

chloride and potassium.

sodium and phosphate.

potassium and phosphate.

sodium and chloride.

bicarbonate.

potassium and phosphate.

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

they occur closest to the skin.

they are slow and prolonged.

they occur in everyone.

they are fast.

they control the other mechanisms.

they are fast.

The buffer system in blood is formed by

the chloride shift through the cell membranes.

deoxyhemoglobin generated in white blood cells.

phosphate buffer in the renal system.

hemoglobin binding hydrogen ions in red blood cells.

none of the above.

hemoglobin binding hydrogen ions in red blood cells.

The part of an amino acid that is important in the protein buffer system is the

amino and R groups.

the amino and carboxyl groups.

the bicarbonate group.

the phosphate buffer group.

the R group.

the amino and carboxyl groups.

Which of the following most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male?

35%

45%

55%

65%

It depends on how much he has recently drunk.

65%

Alkalosis is a pH of arterial blood

below 7.35

above 7.35

below 7.45

above 7.45

above 10.

above 7.45

Dehydration is caused by

excessive sweating.

prolonged water deprivation.

prolonged vomiting.

prolonged diarrhea.

all of the above.

all of the above.

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

prolonged vomiting.

taking too many antacids.

taking diuretics.

gastric lavage ("stomach pumping")

all of the above.

all of the above.

Addison's disease is characterized by

aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium.

aldosterone deficiency and gain of extracellular sodium.

aldosterone excess and loss of extracellular sodium.

aldosterone excess and gain of extracellular sodium.

a mutant gene.

aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium.

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Removing the parathyroid glands

Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts

Stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys

Avoiding foods that are high in calcium

Not using tanning booths

Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts

Metabolic acidosis can be

caused by a decreased breathing rate.

caused by a decreased gas exchange surface area.

compensated for by the retention of large numbers of H+ in the kidneys.

compensated for by an increased breathing rate and depth.

inherited.

compensated for by an increased breathing rate and depth.