IB BIO DNA FLASHCARDS

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32 Terms

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life.

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life.</p>
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RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays several roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

<p>Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays several roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.</p>
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Nucleotide

The basic building block of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

<p>The basic building block of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.</p>
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Sugar-phosphate backbone

The structural framework of nucleic acids, formed from sugar and phosphate groups.

<p>The structural framework of nucleic acids, formed from sugar and phosphate groups.</p>
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Nitrogenous base

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base; examples include adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

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Complementary base pairing

The pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA where adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil in RNA) and guanine pairs with cytosine.

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Semiconservative replication

The process by which DNA is replicated in all cellular organisms, where each new double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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Helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases.

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DNA polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing strand.

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Primers

Short strands of RNA or DNA that provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.

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Taq polymerase

A heat-stable DNA polymerase used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying DNA.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A technique used to amplify a specific DNA segment by repeating cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

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Gel electrophoresis

A laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to their size and charge.

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Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

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RNA polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

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Translation

The process by which a ribosome synthesizes proteins using mRNA as a template.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

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Ribosomes

Molecular machines composed of rRNA and proteins, serving as the site of protein synthesis.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA, a type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

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Anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

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Degeneracy

The redundancy in the genetic code whereby multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

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Universality

The principle that the genetic code is consistent across all known forms of life.

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Genetic code

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins.

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Point mutation

A change in a single nucleotide base pair in a DNA sequence.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence, which can lead to altered genetic information.

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Substitution mutation

A type of mutation where one base pair in DNA is replaced by another.

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Insertion mutation

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.

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Deletion mutation

A mutation involving the loss of one or more nucleotide base pairs from a DNA sequence.

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Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals.

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Frameshift change

A mutation caused by a deletion or insertion that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message.

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Mutagens

Agents that can cause mutations in DNA, such as chemicals or radiation.