Chapter 7: Human Movement Science

Movement

Described in three dimensions based on planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse.

Osteokinematic

Observable movement of a limb.

Arthrokinematic

Movement taking place at the joint itself.

Sagittal Plane

An imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides.

Frontal Plane

Bisects the body to create front and back halves.

Transverse Plane

Bisects the body to create upper and lower halves.

Protraction, retraction, elevation, depression

4 scapular motions Include scapular _____, scapular _____, scapular _____, and scapular _____.

Muscle Actions

Described as isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic.

Isotonic Muscle Actions

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed & movement occurs through a range of motion. Can be broken down into concentric and eccentric phases.

agonist, synergist, stabilizer, antagonist

4 muscle roles include ______ depending on the movement.

Closed-Chain Movements

Anchor the body to the ground or an immovable object. Ex push up, pull up, squat

Open-Chain Movement

Involves the distal limb moving freely in space. (bicep curl, lat pulldown)

Optimal Length

Position with maximal overlap of actin and myosin filaments.

Stretch-Shortening Cycle

Involves three phases: eccentric phase, amortization phase, and concentric phase.

Force-Couple

Describes muscles that work in a synergistic function around a joint.

Local Muscular System

Involves muscles that attach on or near the spine and provide stability for the LPHC.

Global Muscle System

Can be broken down into subsystems for force transfer and stabilization.

Lever Systems

Classified as first, second, and third class; third-class levers are predominant in the human body.

Muscle Synergies

Cooperative function of multiple muscles recruited by the nervous system to complete a movement pattern

Proprioception

Intrinsic awareness of movement and bodily position in space.

Feedback

Can come from internal or external sources to aid motor learning.

Motor Learning

Integration of motor control processes through practice & experience leading to a permanent (relatively) change in skilled movements.

Medial

Relatively closer to the midline of the body.

Lateral

Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body.

Contralateral

Positioned on the opposite side of the body.

Ipsilateral

Positioned on the same side of the body.

Anterior

Positioned on or toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Positioned on or toward the back of the body.

Proximal

Positioned nearest to the center of the body.

Distal

Positioned farthest from the center of the body.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion occurring at the ankle (top of the foot moves toward the shin).

Plantar Flexion

Extension occurring at the ankle; pointing the foot downwards.

Isometric

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length & no visible movement at joint

Isokinetic

Speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.

Agonists

Primary muscles providing force for a movement.

Synergists

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.

Stabilizers

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints.

Antagonists

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that oppose agonist muscles.

Length-Tension Relationship

The resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at this length.

Altered Length-Tension Relationship

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing force production.

Reciprocal Inhibition

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its antagonist receives an inhibitory signal.

Altered Reciprocal Inhibition

Occurs when an overactive agonist decreases the neural drive to its antagonist.

Muscle Imbalance

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

Integrated Performance Paradigm

To move efficiently, forces must be dampened (eccentric), stabilized (isometraically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

First-Class Levers

Have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. (nodding)

Second-Class Levers

Have resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side. ex: push up, calf raise)

Third-Class Levers

Have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. (most limbs of the human body) ex: bicep curl

Motor Behavior

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

Motor Control

How the CNS integrates sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Motor Development

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

Internal Feedback

Sensory information used by the body to monitor movement.

External Feedback

Information provided by an external source (fitness pro, video, mirror) to supplement the internal environment.

Subsystems of Global Muscular System

deep longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, lateral subsystems

Concentric

muscle shortens

eccentric

muscle lengthens under tension

Amortization

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.

Proprioception

What is a key mechanism involved in internal feedback

serratus anterior

upper trapezius works with ______ as a force couple to create upward rotation of the scapula

upper trapezius,

Serratus anterior works with _____ as a force couple to create upward rotation of the scapula

Reciprocal inhibition

the scientific term that describes the nervous system's role in the contract/relax relationship between agonists and antagonists

third-class

Performing a biceps curl with a dumbbell in the hand is an example of which type of lever?

Multifidus

Which muscle functions in a feed-forward mechanism in anticipation of limb movements?

Multifudus

a group of deep stabilizing back muscles that run along the spine from the neck to the sacrum

feed-forward activation

When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.

anterior pelvic tilt and increased low-back arch

Overactive hip flexors may lead to which of the following postural compensations? _____ and ______