ENVS Chapter 4: Human Populations

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12 Terms

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Population of the world, US, and Ohio

  • World: 8.0 billion

  • US: 335 million

  • Ohio: ~12 million

  • Knox County: ~60,000

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Projected world population next 50-100 years

2050: ~9.7 billion

2100: ~10.4 billion

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Projected US population next 50-100 years

2050: ~390 million

2100: ~570 million

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Agricultural Revolution

  • 8000 BC (10,000 years ago!)

  • Large increase in food supply and opportunity for growth

  • Major changes in social structures

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Limits to Growth

  • Thomas Malthus

  • An Essay on the Principle of Population

  • Over-Population is the root cause of poverty

  • Human population increases exponentially while food production remains rather constant

  • Humans inevitably starve into misery and crime

  • Society needs:

    • “Positive checks” — kills people with famine, disease

    • “Preventative checks” — prevent human birth: morality, late marriage, celibacy

  • Opposed efforts to give welfare

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Social Justice

  • Karl Marx

  • Vehement crititc of Malthus

  • Poverty is the root cause of over-population

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Technological Optimism

  • We Need People — Population Growth is Good

  • Argue that Malthus was wrong

  • Technology allows for the faster production of food

  • Tech as increasing human capacity

  • Based on availability of natural resources

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R-adapted Species

  • Persist by depending on a high rate of reproduction and frequently overshoot carrying capacity

  • Exponential growth

  • J-curve

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K-adapted Species

  • Reproduce more slowly as they approach carrying capacity

  • Logistic growth

  • S-Curve

  • Can still overshoot

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Annual growth rate

Number of years until doubling

  • Annual growth rate as a percent (i.e. if 4% growth, divide by 4, not 0.04)

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Total Fertility Rate

Number of children born to an average woman in a population during her reproductive life; 2.1 is associated with no pop growth

  • In developing countries, the growth rate is greater (5-8)

    • Niger - 6.82

    • Mali - 5.54

  • In developed countries, the growth rate is less (1-2)

    • US - 1.64

    • China - 1.70

    • Germany - 1.53

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