PSY241.Chapter8.Powerpoint

Psychosocial Development

Encompasses changes in individuals’ understanding of themselves and others’ behavior.

Initiative vs. Guilt Stage

A stage in psychosocial development from age 3 to 6 characterized by a child's desire to act independently versus feelings of guilt.

Self-Concept

A person's identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual.

Collectivist Orientation

A cultural orientation that emphasizes family ties and group goals.

Individualistic Orientation

A cultural orientation that emphasizes personal independence and self-reliance.

Racial Identity

The development of understanding one's racial background and the associated social implications.

Gender Identity

Understanding of one's own gender, typically well established by the preschool years.

Theory of Mind

The ability to understand others' perspectives and motivations.

Friendship

Based on companionship, play, and maintaining smooth social relationships with peers.

Functional Play

Simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds, involving objects or muscular movements.

Aggression

Intentional injury or harm to another person.

Empathy

Understanding what another individual feels.

Aggressive Models

Individuals whose behavior promotes aggressive actions, influencing others to imitate such behaviors.

Resilience

The ability to overcome adverse circumstances and still thrive.

Authoritarian Parenting

A strict parenting style that values obedience and control.

Permissive Parenting

A lax parenting style that sets few limits and provides inconsistent feedback.

Authoritative Parenting

A balanced parenting style that sets clear limits while being responsive to children's needs.

Psychological Maltreatment

Harm to children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning without necessarily involving physical violence.

Cycle of Violence Hypothesis

The theory that children who experience abuse are more likely to become abusive as adults.

Cognitive Framework

A system organizing relevant information, such as gender schemas that define roles and behaviors.