STS 101 - Stem cell research

stem cell

a type of cell that has the remarkable ability to self-renew and differentiate into various specialized cell types.

self-renewal

stem cells characterized by their capacity to divide and produce both identical stem cells

differentiation

daughter cells that differentiate into specific cell types with specialized functions

1998

year when first stem cells extracted from human embryo

1999

Year when successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers

2001

Year when President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem cell research

2002

Year when california begins supporting stem cell research

2004

Year when Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos

Woo Suk Hwang

he falsely claims success with therapeutic cloning

2005

Year when Woo Suk Hwang falsely claims success with therapeutic cloning

Shinya Yamanaka

He discovered a method to make embryonic- like cells from adult cells. He discovered that mature cells can be reprogrammed to induce pluripotent stem cells

2006

Year when Shinya Yamanaka discovers method to make embryonic- like cells from adult cells

2007

Year when Nobel Prize awarded for work on genetics and embryonic stem cells

2009

Year when president Obama lifts restrictions on federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research

President Obama

This president lifted restrictions on federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research

2010

year when First medical treatment derived from human embryonic stem cells administered to person with spinal injury

spinal injury

First medical treatment derived from human embryonic stem cell was to treat __

2012

year when Human embryonic stem cells show promise in treating blindness; Yamanaka awarded Nobel Prize for induced pluripotent stem cells

therapeutic cloning

Human embryonic stem cells produced from fetal cells using __

2014

Year of Discovery that any cell can potentially be rewound to a pre-embryonic state announced; human embryonic stem cells produced from adult cells using therapeutic cloning; first trial of induced pluripotent stem cell therapy for age-related blindness

blank cells

“unspecialized”

totipotent

what class is a fertilized egg (e.g. new organisms)?

pluripotent

what class is an embryonic stem cell (e.g. neurons skin muscle bone, liver, pancreas)?

multipotent

what class is an adult stem cell (e.g. blood)

all cells

totipotent can give rise to __

almost any cell

pluripotent can give rise to __

closely related cells

multipotent can give rise to __

embryonic, adult

sources of stem cells

embryonic stem cells

derived from a four- or five- day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development

adult stem cells

found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, liver and umbilical cord

Differentiation Control

Ensuring precise control over how stem cells develop into specific cell types

Scalability and Standardization

Developing methods to produce large quantities of stem cells consistently and reliably

Immunological Compatibility

Addressing the risk of immune rejection when using stem cells from donors

Tumorigenicity Risk

Managing the potential for stem cells to form tumors after transplantation

Delivery and Engraftment

Overcoming obstacles in getting stem cells to integrate properly into the target tissue

Long-term Efficacy and Safety

Ensuring that stem cell therapies remain effective and safe over extended periods

Tissue Repair

Used to regenerate damaged tissues and organs, offering potential treatments for conditions like spinal cord injuries, heart disease, and diabetes (e.g. Nerve, heart, muscle, organ, skin)

cancer

Targeting __ stem cells holds promise for reducing tumor growth and recurrence

Autoimmune Disease

aim to modulate the immune response and promote tissue healing in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. (e.g. Diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis)