Unit 4 study guide

Revolution and enlightenment

Enlightenment

-Influenced American revolution leaders and the Declaration
-Emphasized individualism
-Reaction to absolutism, the absolute power of monarchs
-Focused on ways to improve government

Geocentric theory

Earth is center

Heliocentric theory

Sun is center

Laissez Faire

Idea of a type of economy where the less government is involved with businesses, the better off businesses will be.

Natural rights

Highly valued rights, life, liberty and property. Should be protected by the government.

Philosophe

An enlightened thinker that believed reason could cure social injustice. This encouraged diversity and started democratic revolutions.

Printing presses, salons, coffeehouses

3 ways enlightenment spread

Salon

A high class get together where people spread their ideas

Social Contract

The idea that people gave their individualism and freedom to the government in return for protection.

Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Harvey

Leaders of the scientific revolution

Copernicus

-Astronomy
-Developed heliocentric theory

Kepler

-Astronomy
-Math
-Planetary motion, elliptical shaped path

Galileo

-Astronomy
-Used a telescope to view space and support heliocentric theory
-Developed laws of motion
-Scientific Method
-Charged with heresy

Newton

-Physics
-Math
-Gravity

Harvey

-Anatomy
-Dissected bodies, discovered circulatory system. This was not allowed by the Catholic Church but he lived in Protestant (Christian) England.

Hobbes, Locke, Beccaria, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Smith, Wollstonecraft

Leaders of the Enlightenment

Hobbes

-People are evil
-Government= organized society
-Organized society makes people better
-People entered into social contracts to save themselves
Quote: “And therefore if any two men desire the same thing..."

Locke

-People are born as a blank slate, society is what shapes you
-People consent to the government ruling them just for their own protection, people have the right to rebel if the government is not doing a good job
-Before an organized society people were equal and free
Quote: “Man being born..."

Beccaria

-Laws are meant to keep order and prevent crime
-People have a right to a speedy trial
-No torture

Montesquieu

-Government should vary based on circumstance
-Separation of power and checks and balances prevent power imbalances within the government.
Quote: "When the legislative and executive powers..."

Rousseau

-Expands on Social contract idea, says the government is a social contract between the people and leaders that can be revised by the people
-In favor of direct democracy
Quote: “[E]ach giving himself to all..."

Smith

-Laissez-faire economy (gov should be hand off when it comes to buisnesses
-Supply and demand
-Natural Pricing
Competition

Wollstonecraft

-Society is wasting assets by denying women equal rights to education, politics and economics

Hobbes- social contract
Locke- natural rights
Montesquieu- separation of powers
Voltaire- freedom of speech and religion
Rousseau- social contract
Beccaria- speedy trial, no cruel/unusual punishment

Leaders of the enlightenment that provided the foundation of the U.S

Scientific Method

-What people based there reasoning on during the enlightenment

Scientific Revolution

-Using science and reason instead of religious text
-Changed the way people viewed the world
-The scientific method was created which promoted using reason

The Protestant Reformation

-Limited the power of the Catholic Church, this expanded the ideas of the scientific revolution