Health Law and Policy Week 1 Readings

➡ What is Branch 1 of the U.S. Government? 🇺🇸⚖📜

🌟 Legislative Branch 🌟
🏛 U.S. Congress made up of:

• 👩‍⚖ 100 Senators (2⃣ per state 🗺)

• 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 435 Representatives (based on population 👥📊)

Primary Function: ✍📜
✅ Making laws

Other Responsibilities:
⚖ Approving federal judges & justices 👨‍⚖
💰 Passing the national budget 💵📊
⚔ Declaring war 💣🪖

➡ What is Branch 2 of the U.S. Government? 🇺🇸⚖📜 What is Branch 2 of the U.S. Government? 🇺🇸⚖📜

⚡👔 Executive Branch (The Enforcers) ⚡😎

👑 Led by: The President 🇺🇸 + Vice President 🎩

📝 Job: Enforce/carry out the laws 📜➡✅ that Congress creates 🏛

🤝 The President has a Cabinet (think: expert sidekicks 🦸‍♂🦸‍♀👩‍🔬) who help with…

• 🛡 Defense

• 💵 Money

• 🔒 Security

Other Powers of the Executive Branch:

• 👩‍💼 Picks government officials

• 🪖 Runs the military (the ultimate job of a Commander-in-Chief 💪)

• 🌍 Talks & makes deals with leaders of other countries 🌏🤝

This branch is HUUUUGE 📈—over 4 million people 😱 work in it! That’s more than enough to start a mini nation of government workers 👥👥👥👥👥 (imagine “Bureaucracy Land” 🎡😂).

➡ What is Branch 3 of the U.S. Government? 🇺🇸⚖📜 What is Branch 2 of the U.S. Government? 🇺🇸⚖📜

⚖👩‍⚖👨‍⚖ Courts in the U.S.

• 🏛 All the courts in the U.S. — and the big boss of them all: The Supreme Court! 👑📜

• 📚 Their job? 👉 To interpret the laws. That means:
  🔍 figuring out what the laws actually mean ✨
  🛡 deciding if they’re fair and constitutional.

• 🚨 They also:
  👮 punish rule-breakers
  🤝 settle big fights (like when two states get into a “he said, she said” argument 🥊🏞).

• 👩‍⚖👨‍⚖ The Supreme Court has 9 justices (that’s like 9 law superheroes 🦸🦸‍♀).

  • ⚡ They get the job for life! (unless they retire or quit 🏖).

  • Imagine having a job where you can NEVER be fired… 😅
    Dream job? 🌈 Or total nightmare? 😱

Why This Matters, knowing the 3 branches of government and how they work. Well the 3 branches are there to prevent any one of them from getting too powerful.

For democracy to work, citizens (yep, that’s you and me! 🙋🙋‍♂) need to understand how things run. 🗳

At some point, you’ll bump into government—whether it’s voting 🗳, serving on a jury ⚖, or even writing ✍ to Congress about something you care about.

Think of it like a giant “power puzzle” 🧩: the more you know, the better you can join the team 👊 instead of sitting on the sidelines. 🏟💪

What Are Statutes? 🏛📖📝

👉 Statutes = laws that lawmakers write.

• Written by Congress 🏛 or state legislatures 🗽.

• Stuck in books 📚 forever (unless changed ✏ or deleted ❌).

• ANYONE can read them 👓📖.

💡 Easy way to think: A statute is like a “recipe 📜👩‍🍳” made by lawmakers for everyone to follow 🍲.

How Do Statutes Change? 🔄🙋✏❌

• Statutes stay the same 👴 unless lawmakers change 📝 or remove 🚮 them.

• Statutes don’t update themselves magically 🎩✨.

Example: Too many speed demons 🏎💨 → new statute says "Drive slower 🚦🐌."

Statutes Look Forward ⏩🔮

• Laws = future-focused 🌞➡👣.

• They don’t punish you for the past ⏮🚫.

Example:

• Old speed limit = 65 🚗💨.

• New speed limit = 50 🐢.

• You won’t get in trouble for driving 65 yesterday 🗓.

Who Do Statutes Apply To? 👥🌍⚖

• Statutes apply to big groups of people 👩‍👩‍👧‍👦.

• Example: A driving law 🚦 applies to all drivers 🚗🚙🚕🚚, not just one person.

💡 Like a school rule 🏫📏—not just for YOU, but for the whole class 👩‍🎓👨‍🎓.

Politics Behind Statutes 🗳🎤🎉

• Lawmakers ✍ make statutes after talking 💬 and voting ✅.

• If people 😡 hate a law (too many tickets 🚔🧾), lawmakers can change it 🔧.

• Voters = boss 👑.

Statutes Can Be Vague 🤔😅🔍

• Sometimes laws are written too generally 🌀.

• Judges 👩‍⚖ step in to explain what the law really means 📖➡🧠.

Funny Example – Slipping on Ice 🧊😂🙈

Law says: “If you slip on snow or ice ❄🧊, you must sue in 30 days ⏱.”

Story:

• Wendy 👧 slips on… an ice cube 🥤🧊 in Leonard’s kitchen 🍽.

• She sues 2 months later 📆.

• Leonard says ❌: “Too late! Ice is ice!”

• Wendy says ✅: “Nah, the law meant SNOW ❄ outside, not ice cubes in kitchens.”

• Judge agrees with Wendy 👩‍⚖👏.

Judges = Law Interpreters 🔎👨‍⚖👩‍⚖

• Lawmakers 🏛 make the law 📖.

• Judges 👩‍⚖ don’t make new ones ❌—they just decide what the words mean 🗣➡❓.

• Once the high court 🏔 decides, all lower courts 🛤 must follow.

Tricky Cases 🎭🤯

Example:

• Somebody slips on fake snow 🎿❄ at a ski resort ⛷.

• Judge must decide 🤔: "Does fake snow count as snow??" 🧐

That’s why laws need judges 🔎⚖!

🎯 SUPER EASY BIG IDEA 💡✨ Statutes 🏛📖📝

Statutes = written laws 📚🏛.

• Made by lawmakers ✍👨‍⚖

• Stay the same until changed 🔄

• Look forward, not backward ⏩

• Apply to groups 👥, not one person

• Judges help explain what they mean 🔍

⚖ What is Common Law?

👩‍⚖ Common Law is law made by judges in court cases.
🧑‍🤝‍🧑 It comes from traditions, customs, and past rulings.
🇬🇧 America borrowed it from England!

🐂 What’s the old oxcart story about?

A long time ago…
👉 Someone got hit by an oxcart 🐂🛒.
👉 Instead of fighting ⚔, they went to a JUDGE 👨‍⚖.
👉 Judges made rules to keep things fair.
That was the start of common law! 🎉

⚖ Who brings a case to court?

👩‍🌾 The injured person = the Plaintiff (the one who complains).
🐂 The accused = the Defendant (the one being blamed).

🛑 Why did the judge rule for the injured person in the oxcart case?

Because:
1⃣ The driver created danger 🐂💨.
2⃣ The driver had a duty to act like a reasonable person 👀.
3⃣ A reasonable person would have STOPPED before turning. 🛑

📝 What rules came out of the oxcart case?

1⃣ If you create danger, you owe a duty to others 🚨.
2⃣ You must act like a reasonable person, not a superhero 🦸.
(Example: Drivers must act safely 🚗🐴).

📜 How is common law different from statutes (laws made by legislators)?

👩‍⚖ Judges: Decide disputes already brought to them. They look backward at real cases ⏳.
👩‍🏛 Legislators: Can make new rules anytime (look forward). 🚀

🔑 What are the 3 key features of Common Law?

1⃣ Judges only handle disputes people bring to court ⚖.
2⃣ Rules are based on specific facts (can’t make up random rules 🎲).
3⃣ It balances stability 🏰 and flexibility 🤸 depending on new situations.

📈 What is a precedent?

A precedent is a rule set by higher courts 🏛.
📜 Lower courts must follow it.
✅ This makes law more predictable and stable.

🐢 Does common law change quickly or slowly?

🐢 Slowly!
Judges prefer small changes over time.
✔ This helps keep rules predictable, but still allows little tweaks!

🤔 What’s the hardest part about common law?

Interpreting how specific or general a rule is! 🤯
(but the more cases you read, the easier it is to predict 🧠✨).

👉 What is stronger: statutes or common law? ⚡

📜 Statutes ALWAYS beat common law! 🚀
If a statute (law made by legislature) talks about an issue, it controls the rule.
➡ Common law (court-made rules) must step aside 😅.

👉 Who can change common law? 👩‍⚖👨‍⚖ vs. 🏛

🏛 Legislatures (lawmakers) can change common law by passing statutes (laws).
👨‍⚖ Courts create rules through decisions,
but 💥 Boom! A new statute can override that rule instantly!

👉 Example: Doctors & Informed Consent 🩺✍

😷 Court says ➡ "Doctors must get patients’ consent before procedures."
✔ That becomes a common law rule.

💥 But legislature says ➡ "Doctors do NOT need consent at all."
🥊 Statute wins, common law out!

👉 What happens to old common law when a statute is passed? ⏳❌

🚮 The statute erases the old court-made rule.
👩‍⚖ Judges must follow the new statute,
even if they liked their old ruling better 🤷.
⚡ Courts cannot change a statute (unless it’s unconstitutional).

👉 Can the court ignore a statute? 🙅‍♂⚖

❌ Nope! Courts are powerless against statutes 😮.
Only if the statute violates the constitution 🗽 can a court strike it down ❗✨

👉 What’s the golden rule of statutes vs. common law? 🌟

📜 Statute > Common Law every. single. time. ✔
🏛 Legislature = Boss of the rules.
👩‍⚖ Courts = Must obey statutes (unless unconstitutional).
👏 Simple as that!

What IS a Constitution?

👉 A Constitution = the highest law 📜🔝 in a place (like the U.S. or each state).
👉 It’s like the rulebook for government 🏛!
👉 Main job: Sets up the structure of government ⚖

The U.S. & State Constitutions

🇺🇸 U.S. has 1 federal Constitution
🏙 Each state has its own constitution
Both create the blueprint of how government works 👷‍♂🏗

What Does a Constitution Do?

1⃣ Says who has power (executive, legislative, judicial)
2⃣ Explains how power works (laws, rules, duties)
3⃣ Gives qualifications for leaders (example: Prez must be 35+ years & natural-born 🇺🇸👶)

Example – Making Laws 🏛✍

✅ A bill → must pass House + Senate + President’s approval to become law
📜 Why? U.S. Constitution requires it! (Art I, Sec 7 [2])

The "Supremacy Rule" 👑

👉 U.S. Constitution = highest law of the land 🌎📜
❌ Any law that conflicts with it = VOID (unconstitutional)
✔ Federal beats State.
✔ U.S. Constitution beats State Constitutions.

Individual Rights 🧑‍⚖🛡

👉 Constitution protects people from government actions 🚨 (not private individuals).
⚠ Example:

• Police 🚓 = must have a warrant to search your house 🏡🔍

• But if your neighbor breaks in? That’s NOT a constitutional violation 🙅‍♂ (it’s just… trespassing, aka them being crazy 😅).

Famous Amendments 🎤🔎

• 1st Amendment = 🎤 Freedom of Speech (against gov’t, not private businesses)

• 4th Amendment = 🏡 Protection from unreasonable searches/seizures

Who Can Kill a Bad Law? 💀⚖

👉 COURTS can strike down laws if unconstitutional 🏛🚫
BUT 🚨 only if someone brings a case 📢
👉 Until then, even unconstitutional laws can be “on the books” (yikes 😬)

Example of Striking Down 📢⚖

If a state passed a law saying:
🚫 "No one can share info about birth control" 😯
👉 A court would strike it down ⛔ because it violates free speech (1st Amendment)!

❓ What are regulations? 🏛

📝 Regulations = rules 📜 made by administrative agencies (part of the government 👩‍⚖🏢).
👉 They tell us how certain activities must be done ✅ or not done ❌.
💡 Example: Health departments regulating how clean restaurants 🍔🥗 must be.

❓ What is an administrative agency?🏢

👩‍💼 They’re government organizations created by laws (statutes) 📚.
⚡ They have special powers to regulate ⚙ certain topics (like health 🏥 or safety 🦺).
💡 Example: OSHA = worker safety 🛠.

❓ Who creates agencies & gives them power?📜

👩‍⚖ Legislatures (Congress 🏛 or state lawmakers) create them.
💡 An agency can only do things lawmakers say it can ✅.
If it tries to do more ➡ 🚨 it’s “exceeding its authority” = INVALID ⚠❌.

❓ Why couldn’t the FDA regulate tobacco at first? 🚬

🙅 Congress only gave FDA authority over food 🍏, drugs 💊, and cosmetics 💄.
🚬 Tobacco was NOT included originally.
👨‍⚖ Supreme Court said FDA’s tobacco rules = VOID ⚖❌.
👉 But in 2009, Congress changed the law ✅ and gave FDA tobacco authority 🚬➡FDA.

❓ Are regulations like laws? ⚖

YES! 🙌
📜 Regulations have the force of law ⚖.
🚫 If you break them → penalties/punishments 💸👮 (set in the statutes that created the agency).
⏳ They stay in effect unless a court 🏛 says the agency didn’t actually have the power.

❓ What’s the difference between guidance and regulations? 💡

📑 Guidance = helpful advice 🗒 agencies give to explain laws.
🙌 They make things easier to understand.
BUT ⚠ guidance ≠ law.
➡ No penalties for ignoring it ❌⚡

👉 What is "Jurisdiction"? 🗺

⚖ Jurisdiction = The area 🌍 where a law can be enforced.
Example: Massachusetts can’t tell people in Montana what to do 🐮⛰. BUT if a Montanan enters Massachusetts → BAM! 👮 The law applies.

👉 Who has legal authority over you in the U.S.? 🇺🇸 🏛

📌 ALWAYS under at least 2 governments:
1⃣ Federal 👔
2⃣ State 🌄

PLUS ➕ City 🏙 and/or County 🏡 laws apply too.
🤓 So basically → lots of bosses!

👉 Do all states have the same laws? 👶

❌ Nope! Each state is a little different 🧩.
Example: Child abuse reporting laws 👶🚨 → all states require it, but rules vary:
👩‍⚕ Who has to report?
📖 What counts as abuse?
Answer changes depending on jurisdiction 🔑.

👉 What is subject matter jurisdiction? 💼

It’s about 👉 what a court or government is allowed to deal with ⚖📂.
Examples:
✅ Federal gov can tax your income 💵 and punish you if you don’t pay federal taxes 😬.
❌ Federal gov CANNOT punish you for not paying state taxes 🏞.

👉 Do criminal courts and civil courts handle the same cases? 🚔

Nope ❌.
👮 Criminal court = handles crimes (theft, assault, etc.)
🧑‍⚖ Civil court = handles lawsuits between people or companies (like suing your neighbor for destroying your garden 🌱🐶).

👉 Key Takeaway about Jurisdiction?

Jurisdiction = WHO has the power ⚡ and WHERE 🌍 they have it.

Jurisdiction = The limits of legal power (based on geography 🗺 and subject 📂).

• Place ➡ State, Federal, City laws 🌆

• Subject ➡ Type of case (tax, crime, civil) 📂

💡 Always check which set of rules applies before making moves 😎.

What does “sovereign” mean? 👑

👉 "Sovereign" = a supreme ruler (like a king, queen, or monarch) 👸🤴.
👉 In America, states are called "sovereign" because they originally had all the power to make their own laws 🏛📜.
👉 Before the U.S., each state acted like its own mini-country 🌎!

What powers did states originally have? 🏴➡

✅ Make their own laws 📖
✅ Print money 💵
✅ Enter into treaties 🤝🌍
✅ Raise armies 🪖🔫
👉 Basically, they were little independent countries! 🇫🇷 🇪🇸 🇩🇪

What kind of powers does the federal government have? 🏛🇺🇸

💡 The federal government does NOT have sovereign powers 😲.
👉 It only has delegated powers = powers given to it by the states 📜🖊.
📍 These are called enumerated powers (powers "listed" in the Constitution). 📖🇺🇸

What powers did states give to the federal government? 🏛💪

The states said: "Here, U.S. gov, YOU take care of this ⬇"
✅ Enter treaties with other countries 🌍🤝
✅ Raise armies 🪖⚔
✅ Print money 💵💵💵
😎 But… states kept many other powers for themselves!

Who has more power – states or the federal gov?⚖

👉 STATES can do anything, except powers they specifically handed over to the federal government 🗝.
👉 The FEDERAL GOV can ONLY do what’s listed in the Constitution ✍📜.
But 👀… those listed powers can still be used in BIG ways! 🚀

Federal powers in health care 🏥❤📊

The federal government often uses:
💰 Power to tax & spend (ex: Medicare, Medicaid) 🩺
📦 Power to regulate commerce (trade, products, medicine across states) 🛒🚚
👉 That’s how it gets involved in healthcare 🩻💉💊!

🌟 Super-Simple Summary 🌟 Federal versus State Authority

• States started out like independent countries 🌎✈.

• They gave some of their powers to the federal government 🏛.

• Federal government = limited powers (only what’s in the Constitution) 📜.

• States = keep everything else 💪.

• Both still play BIG roles—but in different ways 👯‍♂.

🎴 What are RIGHTS? 🃏

👉 Most people say "rights" too loosely 🙃. Here, we mean legal rights.
⚖ A legal right = an enforceable benefit or good.
💪 "Enforceable" = if you go to court 🏛 and you’re deprived of that right, you can win! 🎉

Rights come with obligations

➡ If someone has a right, another person has a duty 😬.
👩🏽: “I have the right not to be discriminated against!”
🏨 Hotel Owner: “That means I must not discriminate!”

👩🏽 gets a right ✔, hotel owner gets a duty ✔.

Discrimination in Hotels 🏨🚫

📜 Law says: No racial discrimination in public accommodations.
➡ That gives every person the right 🚷 not to be discriminated against by hotels.
If the hotel 🚪 refuses you because of race, you can:
⚔ Sue them for money damages 💰
or
🛑 Get a court order telling them to stop 🚷.

Where do Rights come from? 📖✨

All rights are born from specific laws 🍼📜:

• 🏛 Constitution

• 📘 Statutes (laws passed by legislatures)

• 📚 Common law (judge-made law)

• ⚙ Regulations (agency rules)

⚠ You must always say the source of your right 👈.
Not just “I have a right!!” 🙄 → Instead: “I have a right because of this statute/law 💯.”

Rights are LIMITED 🎯

Laws don’t give rights in a vague, blanket way ▪.
They say:
👩 Who is protected
👨 Who has obligations
📍 When & how rights apply

✅ Example: Hotel law only covers lodging 🏨, not jobs 👩‍💼 or gender discrimination 🚺.
Other statutes cover those things! 👌

The Bill of Rights 🇺🇸📜

👉 The Bill of Rights = rights against government 🏛.
❌ They do NOT protect you against private people or companies 👔.
So:

• ✔ Gov’t can’t censor your speech 🗣

• ❌ Your boss can fire you for saying something dumb 🐵 (unless another employment law covers it 😅).

🔴 Criminal Law 🚔⚖

Definition: Rules made by the state to protect people and property.
👮‍♂ Crime = offense against the STATE, not just the victim!
⚖ Case style → State v. Jones
👨‍⚖ Prosecutor = Attorney General / District Attorney (lawyer for the state)
🏛 If guilty → Prison ⛓, Fine 💰 (paid to state, NOT the victim)
🎯 Purpose: PUNISHMENT 👉 not compensation
👤 Victim’s role: Witness only 🧑‍🦯

🟢 Civil Law 👫💼

Definition: Handling disputes between PEOPLE (or organizations)!
👨‍👩‍👧 Covers: Contracts 📃, Property 🏠, Torts 🩹, Business 💼, Rights ✊
💥 Torts: When one person wrongfully injures another (car crash 🚗💥, fraud 💸, malpractice 🏥, etc.)
📌 Example: Mike punches George 👊😳 → George sues for damages 💵
🧑‍⚖ Case style → George v. Mike
🎯 Purpose: COMPENSATION 👉 money for the victim
👤 Victim’s role: Plaintiff (main actor & boss hiring the lawyer 👩‍💼⚔)
⚡ Verdict → Liable (NOT “guilty”)

⚖ Criminal vs. Civil Law ⚖ QUICK COMPARE 🥊

• Criminal 🚔 = State vs Person 👮⚖ → Punish ⛓

• Civil 👥 = Person vs Person 🧑⚖ → Compensate 💸

📜 Key Amendments 🇺🇸✨

• 13th (1865) ✂⛓ → Ended slavery 🙌

• 14th (1868) ⚖ → Citizenship & equal rights ⭐

• 15th (1870) 🗳✊ → No race voting bans

• 19th (1920) 👩🗳 → Women vote 🎉

• 18th (1919) 🚫🍺 → No booze ❌🍷

• 21st (1933) 🍻🎊 → Booze is BACK 🎉🍹

🏁 SUPER SHORT EXAMPLE

Mike 👊 George 👃💥

• Criminal 🚔: State v. Mike → Jail ⛓ / Fine 💰

• Civil 👥: George v. Mike → $$$ compensation 🩹

🚫 NOT double jeopardy (different cases ✅).

What are the two types of questions debated in court? ⚖

👉 Questions of Fact 🕵 + Questions of Law 📜

What is a Question of Fact? 🤔

It’s about what actually happened in the case. 🕵👀
Example: Did Wendy fall on an ice cube ❄… or just trip over her own feet 👣?

Who decides Questions of Fact? 👨‍⚖👩‍⚖

The jury 🧑‍⚖👩‍⚖👨‍⚖ decides facts by listening to witnesses and using common sense 👂🗣🧠.
👉 Judges do NOT decide facts (unless there’s no jury).

Can a jury’s decision on facts be appealed? 🌀

❌ Nope! Not usually. 🙅‍♂ The jury’s decision is final (except in rare situations).

What is a Question of Law? 📜

It’s about the meaning of the law or how to apply it. ⚖📖
Example: What does the word “ice” legally mean in the law? ❄📚

Who decides Questions of Law? 👑

The judge 👨‍⚖💼 – because it needs legal training 🎓.
👉 Juries don’t make law! 🚫⚖

Can Questions of Law be appealed? 📈

✅ Yes! If someone thinks the judge messed up a law rule, they can appeal to a higher court 🏛.

Who decides appeals? 📚👩‍⚖

Appellate courts & Supreme Court justices 👩‍⚖👨‍⚖ (they only handle law issues, not facts ❌).

What’s the difference between precedent in law vs. facts? 📜 vs 👀

• Legal precedents exist ✅ – judges’ rulings become rules that future cases follow 📖

• Factual precedents do NOT exist ❌ – every case has different facts!

🎉 Quick Memory Trick 🎉 Questions of Fact versus Questions of Law

• Facts = Jury 👨‍👩‍👧 (“What happened?” 🍿)

• Law = Judge 👨‍⚖ (“What does this rule mean?” 📜)

• Appeals = Only about Law 📈⚖

🥊 Adversary System

⚔ Two sides battle in court.

• One side = wants change 🚀.

• Other side = wants things the same 💤.
  Example: State v. Doe ➡ State = wants jail ⛓. Doe = wants freedom 🕊.

🎒 Burden of Proof

• Party making the claim (changing the status quo ⚖) must prove it.

• If no one proves anything ➡ the party with the burden loses ❌.

• Criminal cases: Defendant starts presumed innocent 👼 until proven guilty.

🚨 Criminal Standard (Highest)

• Must prove Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 🔒. (~95% certainty).

• Very strict because: better a guilty go free ✅ than an innocent go to jail 🚫🕊.

• Used when someone’s freedom is on the line 🏛.

💰 Civil Standard (Lowest)

• Must prove by Preponderance of the Evidence 📊. (~51% certainty).

• Means: “more likely than not” 👍.

• Lower bar since it’s usually about 💵 (money disputes).

✨ Clear & Convincing (Middle)

• Used in special civil cases (important rights ⚖).

• Example: civilly committing someone 🏥.

• Standard: higher than 51% but lower than 95% (~75%).

• Must convince jury it’s highly probable ✅.

📊 Percentages Cheat Sheet

• 💵 Civil = 51% ➡ Preponderance

• ✨ Civil Rights Issues = 75% ➡ Clear & Convincing

• 🚨 Criminal = 95% ➡ Beyond Reasonable Doubt

🟦 ⚖📚💡 What Even IS a Legal Reference?! 🤔🔍

👉 Like an “address” 🏠 for a case or law
👉 Helps you find 📖 where it lives
👉 Basically lawyer “receipts” 🧾🤣

🟩 📜👩‍⚖ Why Bother Citing Stuff? 🤷‍♀

👉 Shows where info comes from 🏛
👉 Courts use past cases ⏳⏩
👉 Helps predict 🔮 future outcomes

🟥 📔🔢 Anatomy of a Case Citation 🧬📚

👉 Case name 🤼
👉 Volume # 📙
👉 Reporter (book) 📑
👉 Page # 📄
👉 Year 📅

🟨 😱👉 Example: Roe v. Wade 🍼⚖

👉 410 U.S. 113 (1973)

• Parties: Roe v. Wade 🤷‍♀

• Vol. 410 📙

• U.S. Reporter 📑

• Pg. 113 📄

• Year 1973 🗓

🟧 📰📚 Reporter Roll Call! 🎙📕

👉 Reporter = books of cases 🔠

• U.S. Reports (U.S.) 🏛 Supreme Court

• F., F.2d, F.3d ⚖ Appeals

• F. Supp. 👩‍⚖ Trial courts

• State 📜 + Regional 🌎 Reporters

🟪 🏛📖 Cracking Federal Cites! ✨📙

👉 123 F.2d 51 (D.C. Cir. 1966)
📙 Vol 123, Federal Reporter (2d ed)
📄 Pg. 51
⚖ D.C. Appeals Court
📅 1966

🟫 🌎📜 State Case Cites Made Easy! 🍂📖

👉 111 Mass. 222 (1955)
📙 Mass. Reports
📄 Pg. 222
🗓 1955

🟦 📜⚖ Statutes = Laws In Books 📚💥

👉 Format: Title # U.S.C. § Section
👉 Example: 42 U.S.C. §10(a)(1) 📖
👉 States use similar systems 🏠🌎

🟩 ⚙📕 Rules & Regs Baby! 👩‍💼📑

👉 Found in CFR ⚙
👉 Example: 46 CFR §46.01 📘
👉 New rules appear in FR 📰💡