Pathology final exam

What is the 2nd leading cause of death in the United States?

cancer

Tumors can either be _____ or _____

benign or malignant

What is the initation of cancer formation?

Carcinogenesis

Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genetic lesion are all examples of ___________.

Carcinogenesis

"Carcinos"

Stubborn, sprawling, able to inflict damage

What are the 3 most common cancers in men?

1. Prostate

2. Lung

3. Colorectal

What are the 3 most common cancers in women?

1. Breast

2. Lung

3. Colorectal

What are the 3 most common cancers that cause death?

1. Lung/ bronchus

2. Prostate/ breast

3. Colorectal

new tumor growth refers to what?

neoplasia

What is the study of cancer?

oncology

True or false: cancer is a genetic disorder

True

Mutations, epigenetic modifications, and growth of cells that are non/ dysfunctional can cause what?

Cancer

What are the characteristics of cancer?

• invasive / spread

• sustained growth

• resistance to growth-inhibition

• evade death & the immune system

• immortality,

• Angiogenesis

• Inflammation

Dysfunctional genes can lead to _________ ___________.

Dysregulated growth

What are the "cancer genes"?

Oncogenes and "Tumor suppressor genes"

What are a few risk for cancer?

• mutations -- nature & nurture

• environmental toxins

• infections

• irradiation (ionizing radiation)

• diet

• obesity

What structure of tumors deals with functional cells of tissue, neoplastic, clonal, and is responsible for the name and aggressiveness?

Parenchyma

What structure of tumors is non-plastic and supports non-neoplastic (ECM and vessels)?

Stroma

What tumors are considered relatively innocent?

Benign tumors

What tumors have a more favorable prognosis and is well-localized?

Benign tumors

What locations of a benign tumors may raise possible concerns?

Cranium, heart, bone

What compression of a benign tumors may raise possible concerns?

Vasculature, nerve, lymph

What is the nomenclature for benign tumors?

Cell type + Oma

chondroma, fibroma, lipoma, adenoma are all examples of what kind of tumor?

Benign tumor

What are the only exceptions to the nomenclature rules of benign tumors?

• Glioblastoma (aggressive brain malignancy)

• Melanoma (aggressive skin malignancy)

• Lymphoma (malignancy of lymphocytes)

What is the name for a benign tumors of fatty tissue?

Lipoma

What is the name for a benign tumors of fibrotic tissue?

Fibroma

What is the name for a benign tumors of glandular tissue?

Adenoma

What is the name for a benign tumors of cartilaginous tissue?

Chondroma

What is a hemangioma?

Benign tumor of capillary endothelia (blood vessels)

What is a leiomyoma?

benign tumor of smooth muscle (AKA: uterine fibroid)

What is a papilloma?

Benign epithelial neoplasms (finger like folds)

What is a polyp?

mass projecting from a mucosal surface

What is a hamartoma?

Benign tumor overgrowth of tissue native to specific cells

What is the most common tumor of the breast?

Fibroadenoma

True or false a fibroadenoma is malignant in the breast.

False

What is referred to as a mixed tumor?

Fibroadrenoma

What are the 3 embryonic germ layers?

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

What is a tumor of the germ cells/ embryonic cells?

Teratoma

What type of tumor can involve any tissue?

Teratoma

Is a teratoma malignant or benign?

Can be both

What are the two types of malignant tumors?

carcinoma and sarcoma

What type of malignant tumor contains mesenchyme (mesoderm- connective tissue)?

Sarcoma

What type of malignant tumor is found in the bone, cartilage, and vessels?

Sarcoma

What ages can you be affected by a sarcoma?

All ages

What type of malignant tumor is >90% of all cancers?

Carcinoma

What type of malignant tumor has an epithelial origin (ectoderm or endoderm)?

Carcinoma

What type of malignant cancer is often found within lungs, breast, colon, and skin?

Carcinoma

What type of malignant tumor general occurs during mid-late adulthood?

Carcinoma

is fibrosarcoma benign or malignant?

malignant

Is angiosarcoma benign or malignant?

malignant

Is lymphoma benign or malignant?

malignant

is a nevus tumor benign or malignant?

Benign (skin)

What are the characteristics that can decide of a tumor is benign or malignant?

1. Rate of growth

2. Local invasivness

3. Differentiation and anaplasia

4. Metastasis

What is the term used to describe how closely cells resemble their mature precursors (structure and function)?

Differentiation

What does the degree of specialization refer to?

Differentiation

What are the two phases of differentiation?

Completely and somewhat well differentiated

What is the term used to describe something that is poorly differentiated "Backwards formation"?

Anaplasia

Severe loss of function and pleomprphism all have to do with what?

Anaplasia

What is pleomorphism?

variation in size and shape of cells

Pleomorphism can cause _______ and ________.

• irregular growth

• ↑ malignant potential

What determines the grade of the cancer?

Anaplasia

True or false: well- differentiated cells are very aggressive.

False (not very aggressive)

Tumors with ___________ levels of differentiation are more likely to be functional

greater

(This means that they produce relatively normal products & less dangerous)

Are anaplastic cells functional?

No

Are well- differentiated cells functional?

Yes (more likely to be)

A skin cancer that still produces keratinocytes production is _______ _______.

Well differentiated

Non-endocrine cells producing adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH) - leading to a paraneoplastic syndrome is an example of what?

Anaplastic cells

What can physical constraint, hormonal influences, and blood supply influence?

Rate of growth

True or false: tumors can develop over night.

False (years to decades, feature may develop late)

What type of tumor is less invasive (encapsulated)?

Benign

If a tumor lacks a capsule=

Malignant tumor

What tumor is invasive?

Malignant

True or false: Malignant cells are more likely to be encapsulated

False

What does the spread to a remote secondary site refer to?

Metastasis

What is the most reliable indication of metastasis?

Increase size and anaplasia

Where is the metastasis of an osteosarcoma most likely to end up?

Lungs

Where is the metastasis of colorectal cancer most likely to end up?

Liver

What is the metastasis of the prostate cancer go?

Spine

Metastasis o a tumor general has a ___________ prognosis.

Poor

Destruction= __________ health and function

Decrease

What is the term used to describe the invasion of a body cavity?

Seeding

What is the most common Mets spread for carcinomas?

Lymphatics

Metastasis of a tumor is often determined by the _____ and _______ ______.

Site and the tumor parenchyma

What is a sentinel lymph node?

first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor

What is used to indicate abdominal malignancies?

Virchow's node (sentinel lymph node)

Is virchow's node painless?

Yes at first

What is the spread of Mets via the blood?

Hematogenous

Is Hematogenous rapid or slow?

Rapid

Mets traveling from the GI tract to the liver is an example of ___________.

Hematogenous

During Hematogenous, the Mets generally enter _________ circulation.

Venous

What is the most common spread of Mets is a sarcoma?

Hematogenous (blood)

What is the progression of a carcinoma?

Dysplasia —> carcinoma in situ —> invasive carcinoma

What refers to the disorganization in cellular proliferation?

Dysplasia

Is dysplasia non-neoplasic?

Yes

What is an early neoplasia "stage 0"

Carcinoma In Situ

Is there a penetration of the basement membrane of carcinoma in situ?

No

What is the most aggressive progression of a carcinoma?

Invasive carcinoma

Can an invasive carcinoma metastasize?

Yes

Benign tumors are more likely to be _________.

well-differentiated