pulmonary

1. nose function

humidify air and purify air that comes into our respiratory tract

2. pharynx \=

back of the throat, common passageway for BOTH *air and food*

3. larynx \=

*"voice box"*

3 structures of the larynx:

1. glottis
2. epiglottis
3. vocal cords

glottis\=

flap that *closes when we swallow* to prevent food from entering airway

epiglottis\=

flap that *closes when we swallow* to prevent food from entering airway

when glottis or epiglottis don't close properly what happens?

food goes down airway into lungs

what is it called when food goes down airway to lungs?

*aspiration*

aspiration leads to

inflammation --\> *pneumonia*

what is the important function of the larynx?

generates an effective *cough*

vocal cords\=

generate voice production

4. trachea \=

-made of *cricoid cartilage*
\=firm and hard --\> so it doesn't collapse when change pressures in the cavity

what cartilage is the trachea made of?

cricoid cartilage

where is the trachea anatomically?

*ventral / front of the esophagus*
(esophagus is posterior to the trachea)

why do we tilt the head back in CPR?

-opens the trachea in the front of the esophagus\= opens airway
-closes the esophagus
*air goes into airway not stomach*

why do we chin tuck when feeding?

-closes trachea \= closes airway so food doesn't go down
-opens esophagus \= opens esophagus for food to enter GI tract

The point where the trachea divides into branches\=

*carina*

what happens when you tickle the carina?

cough!

The carina separates the \_____ from each other.

*main stem bronchiis*
-right and left

main stem bronchiis fan out/*arborize* into

secondary, tertiary, etc. (smaller bronchi)

where do the left and right main stem bronchiis go to?

left and right lungs

terminal aspect of the bronchiis \=

alveoli

alveoli \=

"functional unit of the lung"
"respiratory unit of the lung"

Why is the alveolus considered as the functional unit of the lungs?

*where gas exchange occurs!*

cili \=

hair-like particles throughout the airway, constantly moving or flapping to *catch foreign particles* that enter the airway

goblet cells \=

produce mucous, in the lining of the airway by capturing and *engulfing* particles

what is the term for engulfing foreign particles?

*phagocytosis*

how do goblet cells make mucous? / why?

mix foreign particles engulfed + with chemicals released by the cells --\> to make mucous --\> to leave the airway

all the aveolis make up \=

lungs!

the right lung has \__ lobes

3 (upper, middle, lower)

the left lung has \__ lobes

2 (upper and lower)

T/F there can be weird breathing sounds from the Left middle lobe of lung?

FALSE no left middle lobe

2 major functions of the pulmonary system\=

1. ventilation
2. Respiration

ventilation \=

breathing

what happens in ventilation?

O2 into lungs, CO2 out of lungs

why do we need O2 to get into lungs? / function of O2

to make energy! @ level of peripheral muscles

processes of ventilation\=

1. inspiration
2. expiration

Inspiration is a \______ process

active
ALWAYS

what does active process mean for inhalation?

requires contraction of muscles

Primary muscles of inspiration @ rest

1. diaphragm
2. external intercostals

diaphragm \=

-arched, domed, high in the thorax
-divides thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

When the diaphragm contracts

the central tendon of the diaphragm will PULL diaphragm DOWN

diaphragm gets moved DOWN --\>

protrudes abdominal wall

when the diaphragm protrudes abdominal wall / why does it get pulled DOWN \=

*increases volume of thoracic cavity*

the diaphragm contracts --\> increases volume of the thoracic cavity from a \___ and \__ and \__ perspective

-cephalocaudal (superior inferior)
-anterior-posterior
-lateral

external intercostals \=

-muscles b/t ribs
*moves ribs outward like bucket handle* during inspiration

How does inspiration occur?

1. muscles contract\=
increases volume of the thoracic cavity
decreases pressure in pressure of the thoracic cavity
2. air gets pushed into the lungs to increase the pressure

Boyle's Law

pressure is inversely proportional to volume in a closed space

muscles contract in inhalation --\>

increases volume of thoracic cavity --\> decreases pressure in thoracic cavity

when we increase volume in the thoracic cavity when diaphragm and external intercostals contract we create a pressure that \=

"sub - atmospheric pressure" \=
"negative pressure"

atmospheric pressure \=

760

because we have negative pressure --\>

air gets pulled into lungs to normalize pressure

What do ventilators do?

pushes *positive pressure* into the lungs (\>760)
(to replace muscle action)

what happens when positive pressure from ventilator is too much?

damages alveoli/lungs

How do we deepen inspiration

*accessory muscles*

accessory muscles \=

-scalenes
-sternocleidomastoid (side bends and rotates neck to other side)

accessory muscles do what?

*elevate upper 2 ribs* --\> increases volume of thoracic cavity

expiration is a \___ process

predominately passive (not always an active process)

passive expiration @ rest :

because recoil of lungs

Why does lung recoil occur?

b/c it is *elastic* when it expands it wants to *recoil!*

passive expiration occurs because of \____

the elastic recoil of the lungs

what does smoking damage?

elasticity of the lungs!

smoking will cause problems with inhalation or exhalation?

exhalation
can"t get air OUT of lungs

obstructive lung disease

cannot get air OUT of lungs
due to damage of elasticity from smoking!

*forced expiration* is a \____ process

active

primary muscles for forced expiration\= (cough for i.e.)

1. abdominals
2. internal intercostals

variable for objectively measure ventilation\=

"minute ventilation"

minute ventilation \=

"Ve"

minute ventilation equation\=

*volume of air* you inspire or expire in *one minute*

Ve\=

tidal volume x respiratory rate

Tidal Volume (TV) \=

*volume of air* you inspire or expire *per breathe* (500mL)

respiratory rate (RR)\=

amount \# of *breaths* *per minute*

what would the Minute Ventilation (Ve) for a person with a Tidal Volume \= 500 ml, and a Respiratory Rate \= 10 breaths per minute \==

500 x 10 \= 5000 ml/minute (5L/min)

minute ventilation can be compared to :

Cardiac Output

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond normal tidal volume inhalation
(3000mL)

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) \=

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
*gives an indication of capacity available for inspiration*

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond normal tidal volume exhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

volume of air *left in the lungs* after maximum expiration
(can't blow out all your air) (to make sure we don't blow out all air)

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
-gives an indication of available capacity for *forced expiration* (that is why we don't include tidal volume in this equation)

Vital Capacity (VC)

amount of air that can be maximally *expired* after a *maximal inspiration*

vital capacity equation

IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) + ERV (expiratory reserve volume) + TV (tidal volume) \= VC (vital capacity)

vital capacity does not account for ...

Residual Volume
-leaves out the extra air remaining in lungs (total lung capacity is all of them)

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

total capacity of the lung
IRV + ERV + TV + *RV* \= TOTAL!

Respiration \=

gas exchange

where does respiration occur?

interface b/t *alveolus + pulmonary capillary*

what type of diffusion is gas exchange?

simple diffusion

partial pressure\=

the concentration of each gas w/in certain environments, and the *pressure it exerts w/in the environment* based on their concentration
-simple diffusion is dependent upon partial pressure of the gases in an environment

what is in the pulmonary capillary during gas exchange?

deoxygenated blood coming from body

partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus\=

104 mmHg (higher)
(oxygen is exerting a pressure of 104 mmHg)

partial pressure of oxygen in deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillary\=

40 mmHg (lower)

PO2 \= 104 mmHg in alveolus and PO2 \= 40 mmHg in blood will cause:

oxygen to move from *HIGH --\> LOW* \= from the *alveolus --\> blood*

partial pressure of CO2 in deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillary\=

45 mmHg (higher)

partial pressure of CO2 in alveolus \=

40 mmHg (lower)

PCO2 \= 45 mmHg in blood and PCO2 \= 40 mmHg in alveolus will cause:

CO2 move from *HIGH to LOW* \= from *blood --\> alveolus*

what happens if there is a problem with gas exchange?

changes acidity of your blood

how is CO2 made?

1. as a waste product from metabolic processes
2. *from acids*

an acid \=

molecule with high H+

lactic acid created in muscles while running goes where?

1. spills into blood
2. blood does not like acid

what does blood do to get rid of acid

combines acid with bicarbonate ion (HCO3)

What secretes bicarbonate ion?

kidney