Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
nose function
humidify air and purify air that comes into our respiratory tract
pharynx =
back of the throat, common passageway for BOTH air and food
larynx =
"voice box"
3 structures of the larynx:
glottis
epiglottis
vocal cords
glottis=
flap that closes when we swallow to prevent food from entering airway
epiglottis=
flap that closes when we swallow to prevent food from entering airway
when glottis or epiglottis don't close properly what happens?
food goes down airway into lungs
what is it called when food goes down airway to lungs?
aspiration
aspiration leads to
inflammation --> pneumonia
what is the important function of the larynx?
generates an effective cough
vocal cords=
generate voice production
trachea =
-made of cricoid cartilage =firm and hard --> so it doesn't collapse when change pressures in the cavity
what cartilage is the trachea made of?
cricoid cartilage
where is the trachea anatomically?
ventral / front of the esophagus (esophagus is posterior to the trachea)
why do we tilt the head back in CPR?
-opens the trachea in the front of the esophagus= opens airway -closes the esophagus air goes into airway not stomach
why do we chin tuck when feeding?
-closes trachea = closes airway so food doesn't go down -opens esophagus = opens esophagus for food to enter GI tract
The point where the trachea divides into branches=
carina
what happens when you tickle the carina?
cough!
The carina separates the _____ from each other.
main stem bronchiis -right and left
main stem bronchiis fan out/arborize into
secondary, tertiary, etc. (smaller bronchi)
where do the left and right main stem bronchiis go to?
left and right lungs
terminal aspect of the bronchiis =
alveoli
alveoli =
"functional unit of the lung" "respiratory unit of the lung"
Why is the alveolus considered as the functional unit of the lungs?
where gas exchange occurs!
cili =
hair-like particles throughout the airway, constantly moving or flapping to catch foreign particles that enter the airway
goblet cells =
produce mucous, in the lining of the airway by capturing and engulfing particles
what is the term for engulfing foreign particles?
phagocytosis
how do goblet cells make mucous? / why?
mix foreign particles engulfed + with chemicals released by the cells --> to make mucous --> to leave the airway
all the aveolis make up =
lungs!
the right lung has __ lobes
3 (upper, middle, lower)
the left lung has __ lobes
2 (upper and lower)
T/F there can be weird breathing sounds from the Left middle lobe of lung?
FALSE no left middle lobe
2 major functions of the pulmonary system=
ventilation
Respiration
ventilation =
breathing
what happens in ventilation?
O2 into lungs, CO2 out of lungs
why do we need O2 to get into lungs? / function of O2
to make energy! @ level of peripheral muscles
processes of ventilation=
inspiration
expiration
Inspiration is a ______ process
active ALWAYS
what does active process mean for inhalation?
requires contraction of muscles
Primary muscles of inspiration @ rest
diaphragm
external intercostals
diaphragm =
-arched, domed, high in the thorax -divides thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
When the diaphragm contracts
the central tendon of the diaphragm will PULL diaphragm DOWN
diaphragm gets moved DOWN -->
protrudes abdominal wall
when the diaphragm protrudes abdominal wall / why does it get pulled DOWN =
increases volume of thoracic cavity
the diaphragm contracts --> increases volume of the thoracic cavity from a ___ and __ and __ perspective
-cephalocaudal (superior inferior) -anterior-posterior -lateral
external intercostals =
-muscles b/t ribs moves ribs outward like bucket handle during inspiration
How does inspiration occur?
muscles contract= increases volume of the thoracic cavity decreases pressure in pressure of the thoracic cavity
air gets pushed into the lungs to increase the pressure
Boyle's Law
pressure is inversely proportional to volume in a closed space
muscles contract in inhalation -->
increases volume of thoracic cavity --> decreases pressure in thoracic cavity
when we increase volume in the thoracic cavity when diaphragm and external intercostals contract we create a pressure that =
"sub - atmospheric pressure" = "negative pressure"
atmospheric pressure =
760
because we have negative pressure -->
air gets pulled into lungs to normalize pressure
What do ventilators do?
pushes positive pressure into the lungs (>760) (to replace muscle action)
what happens when positive pressure from ventilator is too much?
damages alveoli/lungs
How do we deepen inspiration
accessory muscles
accessory muscles =
-scalenes -sternocleidomastoid (side bends and rotates neck to other side)
accessory muscles do what?
elevate upper 2 ribs --> increases volume of thoracic cavity
expiration is a ___ process
predominately passive (not always an active process)
passive expiration @ rest :
because recoil of lungs
Why does lung recoil occur?
b/c it is elastic when it expands it wants to recoil!
passive expiration occurs because of ____
the elastic recoil of the lungs
what does smoking damage?
elasticity of the lungs!
smoking will cause problems with inhalation or exhalation?
exhalation can"t get air OUT of lungs
obstructive lung disease
cannot get air OUT of lungs due to damage of elasticity from smoking!
forced expiration is a ____ process
active
primary muscles for forced expiration= (cough for i.e.)
abdominals
internal intercostals
variable for objectively measure ventilation=
"minute ventilation"
minute ventilation =
"Ve"
minute ventilation equation=
volume of air you inspire or expire in one minute
Ve=
tidal volume x respiratory rate
Tidal Volume (TV) =
volume of air you inspire or expire per breathe (500mL)
respiratory rate (RR)=
amount # of breaths per minute
what would the Minute Ventilation (Ve) for a person with a Tidal Volume = 500 ml, and a Respiratory Rate = 10 breaths per minute ==
500 x 10 = 5000 ml/minute (5L/min)
minute ventilation can be compared to :
Cardiac Output
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond normal tidal volume inhalation (3000mL)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) =
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) gives an indication of capacity available for inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond normal tidal volume exhalation
Residual Volume (RV)
volume of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration (can't blow out all your air) (to make sure we don't blow out all air)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) -gives an indication of available capacity for forced expiration (that is why we don't include tidal volume in this equation)
Vital Capacity (VC)
amount of air that can be maximally expired after a maximal inspiration
vital capacity equation
IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) + ERV (expiratory reserve volume) + TV (tidal volume) = VC (vital capacity)
vital capacity does not account for ...
Residual Volume -leaves out the extra air remaining in lungs (total lung capacity is all of them)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
total capacity of the lung IRV + ERV + TV + RV = TOTAL!
Respiration =
gas exchange
where does respiration occur?
interface b/t alveolus + pulmonary capillary
what type of diffusion is gas exchange?
simple diffusion
partial pressure=
the concentration of each gas w/in certain environments, and the pressure it exerts w/in the environment based on their concentration -simple diffusion is dependent upon partial pressure of the gases in an environment
what is in the pulmonary capillary during gas exchange?
deoxygenated blood coming from body
partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus=
104 mmHg (higher) (oxygen is exerting a pressure of 104 mmHg)
partial pressure of oxygen in deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillary=
40 mmHg (lower)
PO2 = 104 mmHg in alveolus and PO2 = 40 mmHg in blood will cause:
oxygen to move from HIGH --> LOW = from the alveolus --> blood
partial pressure of CO2 in deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillary=
45 mmHg (higher)
partial pressure of CO2 in alveolus =
40 mmHg (lower)
PCO2 = 45 mmHg in blood and PCO2 = 40 mmHg in alveolus will cause:
CO2 move from HIGH to LOW = from blood --> alveolus
what happens if there is a problem with gas exchange?
changes acidity of your blood
how is CO2 made?
as a waste product from metabolic processes
from acids
an acid =
molecule with high H+
lactic acid created in muscles while running goes where?
spills into blood
blood does not like acid
what does blood do to get rid of acid
combines acid with bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
What secretes bicarbonate ion?
kidney