PSY FE

Rationalization

Rationalization

providing reasonable sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures.

Dopamine

neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivation.

Night Terrors

sudden awakening causing perspiration, screaming, or confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep.

Survey

asking questions from a random sample of the population.

Medulla

Part of the brainstem that controls basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

Phallic

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals.

Oral

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth.

Genital

stage at which sexual impulses awaken and mature into romantic attraction toward others.

Anal

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training.

Tolerance

reduction of the effect of a drug due to repeated use.

Withdrawal Symptoms

unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping the consumption of a drug that users used habitually.

Punishment

outcome or consequence of behavior that lowers the probability of said behavior.

Reinforcement

outcome or consequence of behavior that strengthens probability of said behavior.

Delusions

strongly fixed belief that has no basis in reality.

Id

the reservoir of the most primitive impulses, entirely unconscious.

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain that controls homeostasis and hormones.

Temporal Lobe

Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory.

Endorphins

neuropeptides that play roles in pain reduction.

Alzheimers

disease that affects memory and cognitivism.

Unconscious

internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening.

BF Skinner

behaviorist that believed human behavior is a response to the environment.

Parietal

Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex behind the central sulcus, specializes in touch and perception.

Displacement

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto an acceptable one.

Superego

sense of morality, contains senses of right and wrong.

Ego

boss of personality, principal decision maker.

Placebo

substance that has no therapeutic effect.

Case Study

When researchers examine one person, or a small group of people over an extended period.

Addiction

compulsive substance use.

Limbic System

Network of regions involved in emotion regulation, motivation, learning, and memory.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian scientist who demonstrated the processes of association.

Occipital

Back of the brain that controls vision.

Classical Conditioning

form of learning where animals respond to previous stimuli that were paired with stimuli that elicit automatic responses.

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety.

Insomnia

difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Parkinsons

Disease caused by damage to the basal ganglia, consists of tremors, muscular rigidity, and complications performing voluntary actions.

Latency

stage dealing with sexual impulses submerged in the unconsciousness.

Hippocampus

Part of the brain that controls spatial memory.

Hallucinations

sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus.

Motor Cortex

found in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary movement.

Denial

refusal to acknowledge or outright distressing aspects of reality.

Narcolepsy

rapid and unexpected onset of sleep.

Major Depression

lingering depressed mood diminishing interest in pleasurable activities.

Conversion disorder

condition in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis or other nervous system symptoms that can not be explained by illness or injury.

Trait Theory

Founded by Gordon Allport, focuses on the study of personality and what shapes it.

Negative Correlation

When two variables go in opposite directions of each other.

Catatonic Schizophrenia

serious neurological or psychological condition in which two kinds of behaviors are typically displayed: stupor and motor rigidity or excitement.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

chronic state of worry and tension without provocation.

REM Sleep

stage of sleep where the brain is most active, where dreaming occurs.

Frontal lobe

Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, decision- making, and planning.

Definition of Psychology

the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.

Found by Charles Darwin, focuses on the belief that behaviors are inherited and shaped by adaptation to one's external environment

Biological Theory

Found by Jean Piaget, a school of psychology that believes that thinking is central to understanding human behavior

Cognitive Theory

Found by Sigmund Freud, focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening

Psychodynamic Theory

Founded by Carl Rogers, focuses on the belief that humans are inherently good

Humanistic Theory

Founded by Gordon Allport, focuses on the study of personality and what shapes it

Trait Theory

Founded by Abraham Maslow, proposes that people must satisfy physiological needs of safety and security before focusing on complex needs

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Unconscious

internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening

the reservoir of the most primitive impulses, entirely unconscious

Id

boss of personality, principal decision maker

Ego

sense of morality, contains senses of right and wrong

Superego

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

Repression

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

Denial

refusal to acknowledge or outright deny distressing aspects of reality

Rationalization

providing reasonable sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures

Displacement

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto an acceptable one

theory created by Sigmund Freud, describes how the personality is developed throughout childhood

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth

Anal

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training

Phallic

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

Latency

stage dealing with sexual impulses submerged in the unconsciousness

Genital

stage at which sexual impulses awaken and mature into romantic attraction toward others

Survey

asking questions from a random sample of the population

Case Study

When researchers examine one person, or a small group of people over an extended period

Correlation

numbers representing the strength of the relationship (-1.00 0 +1.00)

Positive Correlation

When one variable goes up, the other variable goes in the same direction

Negative Correlation

When two variables go in opposite directions of each other

Experiment

testing of a hypothesis

Hypothesis

educated guess

Independent Variable

the cause in an experiment

Dependent Variable

the outcome of an experiment

Placebo

substance that has no therapeutic effect

Part of the brainstem that controls basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing

Medulla

found in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary movement

Motor Cortex

Part of the brain that controls homeostasis and hormones

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain that controls spatial memory

Hippocampus

Network of regions involved in emotion regulation, motivation, learning, and memory

Limbic System

Frontal lobe

Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, decision-making, and planning

Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory

Temporal lobe

Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex behind the central sulcus, specializes in touch and perception

Parietal lobe

Back of the brain that controls vision

Occipital lobe

Part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior

Central Nervous System

Nerves outside the CNS that consist of the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary behavior and interacts with the external environment, and the autonomic nervous system which controls nonvoluntary behavior and interacts with our internal environment

Peripheral Nervous System

part of the autonomic nervous system engaged during crises (fight or flight)

Sympathetic Nervous System

part of the autonomic nervous system that controls digestion and rest

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Alzheimers disease

disease that affects memory and cognitivism

Parkinsons disease

Disease caused by damage to the basal ganglia, consists of tremors, muscular rigidity, and complications performing voluntary actions

Endorphins

neuropeptides that play roles in pain reduction

Dopamine

neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivation

Stage 1

transition between sleep and wakefulness

Stage 2

light sleep stage