Rationalization
providing reasonable sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures.
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivation.
Night Terrors
sudden awakening causing perspiration, screaming, or confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep.
Survey
asking questions from a random sample of the population.
Medulla
Part of the brainstem that controls basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing.
Phallic
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals.
Oral
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth.
Genital
stage at which sexual impulses awaken and mature into romantic attraction toward others.
Anal
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training.
Tolerance
reduction of the effect of a drug due to repeated use.
Withdrawal Symptoms
unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping the consumption of a drug that users used habitually.
Punishment
outcome or consequence of behavior that lowers the probability of said behavior.
Reinforcement
outcome or consequence of behavior that strengthens probability of said behavior.
Delusions
strongly fixed belief that has no basis in reality.
Id
the reservoir of the most primitive impulses, entirely unconscious.
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that controls homeostasis and hormones.
Temporal Lobe
Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory.
Endorphins
neuropeptides that play roles in pain reduction.
Alzheimers
disease that affects memory and cognitivism.
Unconscious
internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening.
BF Skinner
behaviorist that believed human behavior is a response to the environment.
Parietal
Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex behind the central sulcus, specializes in touch and perception.
Displacement
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto an acceptable one.
Superego
sense of morality, contains senses of right and wrong.
Ego
boss of personality, principal decision maker.
Placebo
substance that has no therapeutic effect.
Case Study
When researchers examine one person, or a small group of people over an extended period.
Addiction
compulsive substance use.
Limbic System
Network of regions involved in emotion regulation, motivation, learning, and memory.
Ivan Pavlov
Russian scientist who demonstrated the processes of association.
Occipital
Back of the brain that controls vision.
Classical Conditioning
form of learning where animals respond to previous stimuli that were paired with stimuli that elicit automatic responses.
Defense Mechanisms
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety.
Insomnia
difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Parkinsons
Disease caused by damage to the basal ganglia, consists of tremors, muscular rigidity, and complications performing voluntary actions.
Latency
stage dealing with sexual impulses submerged in the unconsciousness.
Hippocampus
Part of the brain that controls spatial memory.
Hallucinations
sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus.
Motor Cortex
found in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary movement.
Denial
refusal to acknowledge or outright distressing aspects of reality.
Narcolepsy
rapid and unexpected onset of sleep.
Major Depression
lingering depressed mood diminishing interest in pleasurable activities.
Conversion disorder
condition in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis or other nervous system symptoms that can not be explained by illness or injury.
Trait Theory
Founded by Gordon Allport, focuses on the study of personality and what shapes it.
Negative Correlation
When two variables go in opposite directions of each other.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
serious neurological or psychological condition in which two kinds of behaviors are typically displayed: stupor and motor rigidity or excitement.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
chronic state of worry and tension without provocation.
REM Sleep
stage of sleep where the brain is most active, where dreaming occurs.
Frontal lobe
Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, decision- making, and planning.
Definition of Psychology
the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.
Found by Charles Darwin, focuses on the belief that behaviors are inherited and shaped by adaptation to one's external environment
Biological Theory
Found by Jean Piaget, a school of psychology that believes that thinking is central to understanding human behavior
Cognitive Theory
Found by Sigmund Freud, focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening
Psychodynamic Theory
Founded by Carl Rogers, focuses on the belief that humans are inherently good
Humanistic Theory
Founded by Gordon Allport, focuses on the study of personality and what shapes it
Trait Theory
Founded by Abraham Maslow, proposes that people must satisfy physiological needs of safety and security before focusing on complex needs
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Unconscious
internal psychological processes of which we are unaware of happening
the reservoir of the most primitive impulses, entirely unconscious
Id
boss of personality, principal decision maker
Ego
sense of morality, contains senses of right and wrong
Superego
Defense Mechanisms
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Repression
motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
Denial
refusal to acknowledge or outright deny distressing aspects of reality
Rationalization
providing reasonable sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures
Displacement
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto an acceptable one
theory created by Sigmund Freud, describes how the personality is developed throughout childhood
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Anal
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
Phallic
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
Latency
stage dealing with sexual impulses submerged in the unconsciousness
Genital
stage at which sexual impulses awaken and mature into romantic attraction toward others
Survey
asking questions from a random sample of the population
Case Study
When researchers examine one person, or a small group of people over an extended period
Correlation
numbers representing the strength of the relationship (-1.00 0 +1.00)
Positive Correlation
When one variable goes up, the other variable goes in the same direction
Negative Correlation
When two variables go in opposite directions of each other
Experiment
testing of a hypothesis
Hypothesis
educated guess
Independent Variable
the cause in an experiment
Dependent Variable
the outcome of an experiment
Placebo
substance that has no therapeutic effect
Part of the brainstem that controls basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing
Medulla
found in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary movement
Motor Cortex
Part of the brain that controls homeostasis and hormones
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that controls spatial memory
Hippocampus
Network of regions involved in emotion regulation, motivation, learning, and memory
Limbic System
Frontal lobe
Forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, decision-making, and planning
Lower part of the cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
Temporal lobe
Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex behind the central sulcus, specializes in touch and perception
Parietal lobe
Back of the brain that controls vision
Occipital lobe
Part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior
Central Nervous System
Nerves outside the CNS that consist of the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary behavior and interacts with the external environment, and the autonomic nervous system which controls nonvoluntary behavior and interacts with our internal environment
Peripheral Nervous System
part of the autonomic nervous system engaged during crises (fight or flight)
Sympathetic Nervous System
part of the autonomic nervous system that controls digestion and rest
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Alzheimers disease
disease that affects memory and cognitivism
Parkinsons disease
Disease caused by damage to the basal ganglia, consists of tremors, muscular rigidity, and complications performing voluntary actions
Endorphins
neuropeptides that play roles in pain reduction
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivation
Stage 1
transition between sleep and wakefulness
Stage 2
light sleep stage