Iron Deficiency Anemia and Hematology Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering hematology essentials, including RBC/WBC disorders, clotting cascades, and lymphatic malignancies.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia that stimulates the bone marrow to increase production of Red Blood Cells (RBCs).

Microcytic Anemia

Anemia characterized by an $MCV < 80\,fL$, commonly caused by iron deficiency or thalassemia.

Normocytic Anemia

Anemia characterized by an $MCV$ of $80-100\,fL$, commonly caused by acute blood loss, hemolysis, or aplastic anemia.

Macrocytic Anemia

Anemia characterized by an $MCV > 100\,fL$, commonly caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency or folate deficiency.

Pancytopenia

A condition seen in aplastic anemia where all three blood cell lines (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) are decreased.

Anemia of Chronic Disease

Anemia caused by inflammation where cytokines increase hepcidin, leading to iron being trapped in storage, characterized by low serum iron but normal or high ferritin.

Left Shift (Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation)

Refers to a higher affinity for $O_2$ where hemoglobin locks oxygen down, caused by decreased $CO_2$, increased pH (alkalosis), decreased temperature, and decreased $2,3-BPG$.

Right Shift (Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation)

Refers to a lower affinity for $O_2$ where hemoglobin releases oxygen easier to tissues, caused by the CADET factors: increased $CO_2$, Acid ($\downarrow$ pH), $2,3-DPG/BPG$, Exercise, and increased Temperature.

Pernicious Anemia

A macrocytic anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor leading to Vitamin B12 deficiency, uniquely characterized by neurologic symptoms like numbness or tingling.

Left Shift (Neutrophils)

An increase in immature neutrophils, such as bands and metamyelocytes, indicating an active bacterial infection or severe inflammation.

NAACP (Eosinophilia mnemonic)

A mnemonic for causes of high eosinophils: Neoplasms, Allergy/Asthma, Addison disease, Connective tissue disease, and Parasites.

Reed-Sternberg Cells

The diagnostic hallmark cells required for the identification of Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Secondary Hemostasis

The coagulation cascade process that produces Fibrin ($Ia$) and Factor $XIIIa$ to stabilize the platelet plug.

vWF (von Willebrand Factor)

A factor that binds exposed collagen to the $GP\,Ib$ receptor on platelets during the adhesion phase of primary hemostasis.

Thrombin (Factor IIa)

The central amplifier of coagulation that converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors $V$, $VIII$, and $XIII$.

aPTT (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)

The laboratory test used to monitor the intrinsic and common pathways, specifically associated with Heparin therapy.

PT/INR (Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio)

The laboratory test used to monitor the extrinsic and common pathways, specifically associated with Warfarin therapy.

Vitamin K Dependent Factors

Clotting factors $2$, $7$, $9$, and $10$, as well as Protein C and Protein S.

Virchow's Triad

The three major factors that promote clot formation: Venous stasis, Endothelial injury, and Hypercoagulability.

Factor V Leiden Mutation

The most common inherited thrombophilia where Factor $V$ is resistant to Protein C, leading to an increased risk of DVT and PE.

ITP (Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura)

An autoimmune disorder characterized by isolated platelet destruction, resulting in petechiae and mucosal bleeding with normal clotting factors.

TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)

A medical emergency caused by a deficiency in the $ADAMTS13$ enzyme, leading to microthrombi, schistocytes, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA).

Hemophilia A

An X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of Factor $VIII$, characterized by deep tissue bleeding and hemarthrosis.

Hemophilia B

Also known as Christmas Disease, an X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of Factor $IX$.