mod 1-4 for cps

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Autonomy vs capacity

The ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public or international actors is autonomy

The ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy is capacity

Legitimacy and the different kinds

official definition: The ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy

Charismatic: Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader (hitler)
Traditional: Legitimacy derived from established customs and practices, often linked to historical continuity (monarchies or tribal leaders).
Rational-Legal: Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized

Nation vs Country vs Nation State

Nation: A group that desires self-government through an independent state

Country: A state, government, and regime, and the people who live within that political system

Nation State: A state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent

purchasing power parity (PPP)

A statistical tool that attempts to estimate the buying power of income across different countries by using prices in the United States as a benchmark

Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights

Liberties: Individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime
Rights:Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime

Initiative vs Referendum

Initiative: A national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal
Referendum:A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution

PRoportional Represention

An electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote

Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning

Deductive: Takes a hypothesis and tries to apply it to different cases
Inductive: Studies cases and then hypothesis formed

Endogeneity

The issue that cause and effect are not often clear, in that variables may be both cause and effect in relationship to one another

Chicken or Egg?

Modernization theory

A theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism

Devolution

A process in which political power is "sent down" to lower levels of state and government

Federalism

A system in which significant state powers, such as taxation, lawmaking, and security, are devolved to regional or local bodies (marbled cake)

Regime

The fundamental rules and norms of politics (we have a democratic one, no matter the president)

Anachism

A political ideology that stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all

Communism

all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and, ultimately, the need for political institutions such as the state

Ethnicity vs Nationality

Ethnicity- Specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others
Nationality-

Nationalism is Pride in one's people and the belief that they have a unique political destiny

Fascism

asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state

Liberal Democracy

promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights

Reactionaries

Those who seek to restore the institutions of a real or an imagined earlier order

Socialism

A political-economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through the state's management of the economy and the provision of social expenditures

Capitalism

A system of production based on private property and free markets

Economic Liberalization

Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy

Gini index vs Human Development Index

A statistical formula that measures the amount of inequality in a society- Gini
A statistical tool that attempts to evaluate the overall wealth, health, and knowledge of a country's people- HDI

Mercantilism

A political-economic system in which national economic power is paramount and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the needs of the state

Parastatal

Industry partially owned by the state

Abstract review vs Concrete review

Abstract: Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on questions that do not arise from actual legal disputes

Concrete: Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it

State

A state is something more than "government;"It is the continuous administrative, legal, bureaucratic, and coercive system that attempts not only to manage the state apparatus; but To structure crucial relations between and within civil and political power. In an extreme monist, or totalitarian, politics, the state eliminates any significant autonomy in political or civil society. In a way, it is like a "City Hall"-- an impersonal institutional structure meant to distribute goods and services.

Weber's Definition:
A "human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory."

Democracy

 political power exercised either in/directly by the people through participation, competition, and liberty. 

Civil Society

That arena in which manifold, social movements, parentheses such as neighborhood, associations, women, groups, end, parentheses, and civic organizations, such as lawyers, journalists, and entrepreneurs, constitute themselves into an ensemble of arrangements, two advance their own interests and express themselves. Some comment rates include community, bonding, tradition, collective memory, continuity, belongingness.

Economic Society

Economic development generally refers to the sustained, concerted actions of policy makers and communities to create wealth, good and services; To promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area or country;Economic development can also be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy; and, the whole society that spends and earns money and for their specific purposes is sometimes referred to as “economic society.”

Political Society

 the arena in which the polity specifically arranges itself for political contestation to gain control over public power and the state apparatus. At best, civil society can destroy an authoritarian regime (protest, etc). However a full democratic transition must involve political society. The composition and consolidation of a democratic polity must entail serious thought and action about those core institutions of a democratic political society : political parties, elections, electoral rule, political leadership, intra party alliances and legislatures.  Though which civil society can constitute itself politically to select and monitor democratic government 

First past the post

An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single-member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the sea

Head of Gov vs Head of state

Gov: The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy. PM.

State:The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally

Parliamentary vs Presidential System

A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices- Parliament

A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office- Presidential

Republicanism

Indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials

Vote of No Confidence

Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister; depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections

What did the following people do: Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Weber.

Aristotle: Asked why were some regimes despotic and others not? Came up with observable science of politics with a practical purpose: Statecraft, how to govern.

Machiavelli: cited as the first modern political scientist who started the belief that political science could be predictable.

Hobbes: did the Social Contract- ppl give up some of their freedom to the people that will be governing the in exchange for protection and security

Locke: Argued that private property is essential to individual freedom and prosperity

Montesquieu: Advocated for the separation of powers within the government. Checks and balances. Executive, Judicial, Legislative

Rousseau: Rights are inalienable and cannot be taken away by the state

Weber: Bureaucracy, impact of culture on the economic and political development

Sovereignty

ability to carry out actions and policies within a territory independently of external actors and internal rivals

Adam Smith and his Invisible Hand

He attacked the mercantilism system. Believes that economic freedom requires political freedom, around the notion of individual choice. Believed that everyone can win with trade. 

Invisible hand, the government should have little to do (laissez faire) and the invisible hand directs the private interests of individuals toward the common interest of society.. Thinks that the gov’s job is national defense, protection of property rights and provision of public works. 

Causes of National Conflict

1. Ethnic heterogeneity: Multi-ethnic states may have tensions.
2. Economic disparities: Unequal resource distribution can lead to conflict.
3. State capacity & autonomy: Weak states struggle to manage diversity.