himst: data management system

healthcare data

are raw health care facts, generally stored as characters, words,
symbols, measurements, or statistics

not very useful for decision-making

disadvantage of healthcare data

health information

- Knowledge obtained after data is processed and structured into a meaningful form
- processed health data
- not only to understand new diseases and therapies but also to predict outcomes
- processed through common statistical tools or by highly sophisticated methods

data

Facts concerning people, objects, vents or other entities. Databases store data.

information

Data presented in a form suitable for interpretation.

knowledge

Insights into appropriate actions based on interpreted data

knowledge

information applied to rules, experiences, and relationships with the result that it can be used for decision-making

generation of new information and knowledge about the patient

the medical doctor shall process all the data gathered from the patient which will eventually lead to the ____

healthcare data

beginning of healthcare information

information

you cannot create ___ without data

information system

which is not part of the data management activities:
information flow
information system
data collection & management
patient privacy & confidentiality
computer skills

presence of computers

These activities cannot be facilitated without the ____

personnel, documents, & records.

Data management is closely linked to other components such as ____

healthcare data management

process of storing, protecting, and analyzing data pulled from diverse sources.

create holistic views, personalize, improve, enhance

Managing the wealth of available healthcare data allows health systems to ___ of patients, ___ treatments, ___ communication, and ___ health outcomes.

structured data

● easy to manipulate, easy to store, easy to be analyzed, easy to encode in the data management system
● requires no effort or manpower

office medical records

which of the following is not an example of structured data:
clinical data
office medical records
laboratory results
medical imaging

unstructured/semi-structured data

● not easy to encode in data management system
● requires more time to process

clinical data

which of the following is not an example of unstructured/semi-structured data:
office medical records
doctors notes
clinical data
paper prescriptions
images and radiographic film

48%

There is an increase of __ annually of healthcare data

152

in 2013, there is ___ exabytes

2314

in 2020, there is ___ exabytes

big data in healthcare

combination of warehouse and data base and specific analytical tool

1/8 of a letter

data sizes:
bit

1/2 of a letter

data sizes:
nibble

1 letter

data sizes:
byte

1 book

data sizes:
megabyte (1024 kilobytes)

1600 books

data sizes:
gigabyte (1024 megabytes)

1,600,000 books

data sizes:
terabyte (1024 gigabytes)

160,000,000 books

data sizes:
petabyte (1024 terabytes)

1,600,000,000,000 books

data sizes:
exabyte (1024 petabyte)

volume

Terabytes to Exabytes of existing data to process

doctors notes

what information of volume is not in the choices:
○ personal information
○ radiology images
○ 3D imaging
○ doctors notes
○ genomics
○ biometrics sensor readings

velocity

Streaming data, requiring milliseconds to seconds to respond

accumulated and processed

velocity data is ___

F: should be correct

T/F: information stored in velocity is often wrong but not always, even if it is updated on a regular basis

real time processing

velocity:
big data must be retrieve, analyzed, and compared to make time and accurate decisions based on ___

variety

Structured, unstructured, text, multimedia
refers to images, texts, or discrete figures

veracity

- Uncertainty due to data inconsistency & incompleteness, ambiguities, latency, deception, model approximation
- high quality of data is necessary

at rest

volume data is ___

in motion

velocity data is ____

in many forms

variety data is ___

in doubt

veracity data is ___

volume

health data with the 4 v's | what v is presented?
● There are 150 exabytes of healthcare data across disparate care settings
● It is estimated that the average hospital will generate 665 Tb of data.

velocity

health data with the 4 v's | what v is presented?
● Monitoring Equipment can generate 1000 readings per second

variety

health data with the 4 v's | what v is presented?
● Medical image archives increasing by 20-40% annually.
● 4.9 Million remote monitoring devices

veracity

health data with the 4 v's | what v is presented?
● There is 80% coding variability among diagnosis and lab tests

Create 360-degree views of consumers, patients, and households

benefits of healthcare data management:
Deploy personalized, guided interactions by integrating data from all available sources.

Enhance patient engagement

benefits of healthcare data management:
___ with predictive modeling and analysis based on healthcare data

Improve population health outcomes

benefits of healthcare data management:
___ in specific geographic areas by tracking current health trends and predicting upcoming ones

Make informed

benefits of healthcare data management:
___, high-impact business decisions based on data insights.

Understand physician activities

benefits of healthcare data management:
___ and align them with the organization’s goals.

entity

any object about which an organization chooses to collect data

character

smallest piece of data

field

one piece of information about an entity

record

fields related to the same entity

file

collection of related records

database

collection of files that are kept together

Database Management System (DBMS)

program used to build databases, populate them with data, and manipulate the data

queries

Messages sent to the database to access data

results, Manipulate, Sort

purpose of queries:
■ Display __
■ __ data (adding, deleting,
and updating)
■ __ the order of the records

report

DBMS are usually bundles with report generation module which can facilitate queries and produce predesigned reports

security

Use of databases may raise security and privacy issues, for this reason additional security measures is need

security

solution of security and privacy issues

data warehouse

○ A large database that supports the management in decision making
○ Contains data, or summaries of data, from millions of transactions over many years and/or from national or global transactions

internal or external

data warehouse:
Starts from __ data sources

metadata

data warehouse:
Data are extracted into __ or data warehouse

data marts

data warehouse:
In the data warehouse, they can be categorized as __

Sorted data

data warehouse:
___ can now serve either through the OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) or Data Mining

processed data

data warehouse:
__ can now serve as information for the agency

big data

○ A magnification or expansion of the amount, types, and level of detail of data that is collected and stored
○ Involves high volumes of data compiled from traditional, ordinary business activities, as well as newer, nontraditional sources such as social media

data mining

Outcome of Data Warehousing:
The process of selecting, exploring, and modeling large amounts of data to discover previously unknown relationships that can support decision making

for meaningful patterns of information

Data-mining software searches through large amounts of data ___

statistical techniques

Type of intelligence gathering that uses ___ to explore large data sets, hunting for hidden patterns and relationships that are undetectable in routine reports

Online Analytical Processing

Outcome of Data Warehousing:
Applications that respond to commands by composing tables to analyze different dimensions of multidimensional data

administrative data

● In the course of providing and paying for care, organizations generate ___ on the characteristics of the population they serve, as well as
their use of services, and charges for those services - often at the level of the individual users
● Data is gathered from claims, encounter, enrollment, and providers system

$9700

average us health spending per person in 2014

financial data

types of administrative data:
○ Primarily public and private insurance claims (2 types)
■ Managed care plans, hospital discharge revenue cycle management organization
■ Released by Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

logistical data

types of administrative data:
___ pertaining to several aspects of patient care
■ Care-team composition and staffic metrics
■ Resource violation
● Services metrics (e.g., inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department vidiost
● Medication usage
● Performed diagnostic tests and procedures

Quality Assessments

types of administrative data:
Done to determine the quality and deficiency of care provided
○ Performance analyses of the service providers (i.e., reviews of clinician performance)
○ Patient satisfaction surveys
○ Hospital Quality Measures

electronically, less expensive, fairly uniform

advantages of administrative data:
● available ___
● ____ than obtaining medical record data
● available for an entire population of patients and
across payers
● ____ (and improving) coding systems and
practices

limited, billing

challenges of administrative data:
● ___ clinical information
● questionable accuracy for public reporting because the primary purpose is ___
● completeness
● timeliness

patient medical records

a documentation of a patient’s medical history and care

increased the accessibility of patients’ files

the advent of electronic medical records has ___

improve the ease and cost

wider use of electronic medical record systems is expected to ___ of using this information for quality measurement and reporting

rich, credible

advantages of patient medical records:
● ___ in clinical detail
● viewed by providers as ___

cost, complexity, and time; paper

challenges of patient medical records:
● ___ required to compile data when patients receive services across different sites, particularly if a different record format is used
● ____ is currently used for most records, thus trained staff must manually abstract information

patient surveys

survey instruments that capture self-reported information from patients about their health care experiences

best source; well-established methods; easy

advantages of patient surveys:
● captures types of information for which patients are the ___
● provides __ for survey design and administration
● __ for consumers to understand and relate to survey results

Quality, Access, Coordination, Confidence, Ease

Common Topics Covered in Patient Surveys:
1. ___ of Care
2. ___ to Care
3. Staff ___
4. ___ in Doctor
5. ___ of Appointment Scheduling

cost, misleading results, sampling & response

challenges of patient surveys:
● ___ of survey administration
● possibility of ___
○ ___ bias

comments from individual patients

anecdotal information, include any type of information on healthcare quality that is gathered informally rather than by carefully designed research efforts

compelling, efficient means

advantages of comments from individual patients:
● ___ to consumers to read about other people’s experiences
● __ for conveying information and influencing people’s decisions and behavior

impartial assessment; undue influence

challenges of comments from individual patients:
● not an ___ of healthcare quality
● not representative of the patient population
● likely to have an ___ on people’s healthcare decision making

standardized clinical data

detailed information about the status of each patient at set time intervals

Minimum Data Set (MDS)

required information for nursing homes

Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS)

data required by Medicare for certified home health agencies

existing data sets; facility performance

advantages of standardized clinical data:
● uses ___
● characterizes ___ in multiple domains of care

May not address all topics of interest

challenge of standardized clinical data

omics data

- represents the study of information contained within an individual’s genome and the biological derivatives of these genes
- utilized to identify the treatment efficacy of various medications and medication dosages for a particular individual