Unit 3: The New Republic

three-fifths compromise

3 out of 5 of every enslaved individual in each state counted for the population count when determining how many people/number of votes

alien and sedition laws

Laws that limited speech against the government and made it harder for immigrants to vote.

assumed/implied powers

Powers not listed in the Constitution but claimed by the government.

bank of the US

National bank set up by Hamilton to stabilize the economy.

convention of 1800

Ended U.S.–France naval conflict (Quasi-War).

washington’s farewell address

Warned against political parties and foreign alliances.

james madison

“Father of the Constitution,” 4th president, led during the War of 1812.

jeffersonian republicans

Favored small government, states’ rights, and farming society.

judiciary act

Created lower federal courts.

loose vs strict interpretation of constitution

Loose = flexible Constitution (Hamilton); Strict = follow exactly (Jefferson).

neutrality proclamation

Washington’s statement to stay out of European wars.

nullification

States can cancel federal laws they think are unconstitutional.

popular sovereignty

People vote directly on issues like slavery.

republicanism

Government based on citizens voting for representatives.

states’ rights

Belief that states have powers independent of the federal government.

thomas jefferson

Wrote Declaration of Independence, 3rd president, bought Louisiana Territory.

virginia and kentucky resolutions

Said states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

whiskey rebellion

Farmers protested whiskey tax; Washington used army to stop it.

embargo act

Banned trade with all nations; hurt U.S. economy.

impressment

British forced American sailors into their navy.

isolationist

Policy of avoiding foreign alliances.

john marshall

Supreme Court Chief Justice; strengthened federal power.

judicial review

Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional.

henry clay’s american system

Plan for national bank, tariffs, and roads to strengthen U.S

andrew jackson

Hero of Battle of New Orleans; later 7th president.

era of good feelings

Time of political unity after War of 1812.

francis scott key and the Star Spangled Banner

Wrote poem during War of 1812 that became national anthem.

hartford convention

Federalist meeting to oppose the War of 1812; made party unpopular.

mcculloch vs maryland

Ruled national bank was constitutional; states couldn’t tax federal gov.

missouri compromise

1820: Missouri = slave, Maine = free, line set for future slavery.

monroe doctrine

Told Europe not to colonize in the Americas.

nationalism

Pride and loyalty to one’s country.

panic of 1819

First U.S. economic depression; caused by bank issues.

protective tarrif

Tax on imports to help American businesses.

sectionalism

Loyalty to one’s region over the country.

treaty of ghent

Ended War of 1812; no territory changes.

virginia dynasty

Series of early presidents from Virginia (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe).

XYZ affair

French demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats; led to anger against France.

republican motherhood/cult of domesticity

Idea that women should raise moral, patriotic sons.

louisiana purchase treaty

1803 deal where U.S. bought land from France, doubling its size.

macon’s bill no 2

Opened trade with Britain or France depending on who ended attacks first.

marbury vs. madison

Established judicial review.

midnight judges

Judges appointed last-minute by Adams to keep Federalist influence.

non-intercourse act

Reopened trade except with Britain and France.

war hawks

Congressmen who pushed for war with Britain.

lewis and clark

Explorers sent by Jefferson to map Louisiana Territory

jay’s treaty

Treaty with Britain to avoid war and settle trade issues.