APWH, Unit 4.1, Technological Innovations

Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750. (#1)

Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread facilitating European technological developments and innovation.

Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750. (#2)

The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and current patterns - all of which made transoceanic travel & trade possible.
INNOVATIONS IN SHIP DESIGN: caravel, carrack, fluyt
EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS: lateen sails, compass, astronomical charts (cartography - astrolabe)

Define primogeniture laws.

law in Europe that stated that all of the estate of the family goes to the eldest son

Define Omani-European rivalry.

Competition that Europeans faced from Middle Eastern traders based in kingdoms (e.g. Oman). For instance, the Portuguese set up forts in Oman, but were repeatedly challenged by attempts to remove them. This was one of the reasons why Christopher Columbus' searched for a new route to India.

Define cartography.

mapmaking (China)

Who created the magnetic compass?

Chinese

Describe maritime empires.

empires based on sea travel

Define astronomical chart.

any map of the stars & galaxies

Give 2 vocab words that describe economics in Europe.

• primogeniture laws
• Omani-European rivalry

Give 2 vocab words that describe technology in navigation.

• cartography
• astronomical chart

Name 5 examples of maritime empires during 1450 o 1750.

1. British
2. Spanish
3. Portuguese
4. French
5. Dutch

Give 1 vocab word that describes government in Europe.

maritime empires

Who created the astrolabe?

Greeks, then improved upon by Muslims

Who created the caravel?

Portuguese

Cartography and the knowledge of current & wind patterns improved _____________________.

navigation

Why were the Silk Road & Indian Ocean trade routes not considered "global" trade routes?

They didn't include the Americas.

What event led to the first truly global trade routes?

the voyage of Christopher Columbus

What led to the establishment of maritime empires?

the extensive trade from the Americas (sugar, tobacco, rum), from Africa (slaves), and from Asia (silk, spices, rhubarb)

What regions were linked by the trans-Atlantic trade route system?

Americas - Africa - Asia

What caused Europe to begin exploring? Include demographic pressures, primogeniture laws, & religious conflict in Europe.

• DEMOGRAPHIC: as pop. grew, not all people could find work/food
• PRIMOGENITURE: all of each estate went to eldest son, leaving all other sons without land
• RELIGIOUS: religious minorities searched for a place to settle where people were tolerant of them

Give 3 reasons why Europeans set out to the Americas. (3 G's)

God, gold, glory

In what ways was Europe connected to Africa & Asia prior to European exploration?

• Indian Ocean trade routes (brought silk, spices, & tea by way of Red Sea)
• Islamic traders (know land routes from China to Baghdad, Iraq & Constantinople, Turkey to Rome)

Why did Europeans increasingly participate in Indian Ocean trade system in 16th century?

More and more Europeans in the Indian Ocean wanted to find wealth & new converts.

What was the Omani-European rivalry in Europe?

Europe faced competition from Middle Eastern traders based in kingdoms such as Oman. (Ex: Portuguese vs. Oman)

How did the Omani-European rivalry in Europe lead to Europeans exploring westward?

They wanted to search for a new route to India.

Name (3) things that Europeans obtained from the Americas.

sugar, tobacco, rum

Name (1) thing that Europeans obtained from Africa.

enslaved people

Name (3) things that Europeans obtained from Asia.

silk, spices, rhubarb

What are the European maritime Empires?

• Great Britain
• Spain
• Portugal
• France
• Holland (Netherlands)

Describe men's and women's roles in trade.

• Much of the trade was carried out by MEN.
• In SE Asia, Europeans conducted most business with WOMEN, who traditionally handled markets & money-changing services in those cultures

How did Europe advance its naval technology & knowledge?

They used traditions of sailing dating back to the Greeks (e.g. stars to navigate) with Asian sailors & scholars, which they learned because of cross-cultural interactions resulting from trade networks (e.g. Al-Andalus).

What is the name of a place where Islamic ideas diffused to Europe?

Al-Andalus, Spain

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

Portuguese ruler who, even though never sailed far enough out to sea to lose sight of land, strongly supported exploration.

What are Prince Henry's contributions to European exploration?

He financed expeditions along Africa's Atlantic Coast & around the Cape of Good Hope. With his help, Portugal explored Africa coastal communities & kingdoms before other European powers.

Give an example that verifies the following statement:
As scholars gathered knowledge, they improved safety of sailing on the ocean.

As sailors increased accurate records on direction/intensity of winds, they could sail better.

How did the knowledge of gravity increase naval safety?

They increased knowledge of tides. As a result, sailors could reliably predict when the depth of water near a shore would be decreasing, thereby exposing dangerous rocks.

How did astronomical charts increase naval safety?

Mariners relied on these maps to guide ships' direction before the introduction of the compass by using the skies to help them determine their location.

Give some examples of astronomical charts.

• Babylonia/Mesopotamia created star charts in 2nd millennium BCE
• Chinese created charts back to 5th century BCE
• Greeks widely utilized these charts

When did telescopes begin to be used to help create astronomical charts?

1609

Astronomers typically divided astronomical charts into ________________ to help locate specific constellations and astronomical objects.

grids

How did the stern rudder increase naval safety?

Ships could move more adroitly (in a clever, skillful way).

How did the astrolabe increase naval safety?

Sailors could determine how far north/south they were from the equator.

What is the primary direction-finding device used in navigation?

compass

A compass can work with a magnet or a gyroscope. What is a gyroscope?

A wheel or disk mounted to spin rapidly around an axis in various directions.

How did the compass increase naval safety?

Sailors could steer a ship in the right direction.

How does the magnetic compass work?

The Earth's magnetic field is almost parallel to the north-south axis of the globe, which means that freely moving magnets like those in the compass, take on the same orientation.

How did the lateen sail increase naval safety?

It could catch wind on either side of the ship (due to its triangular shape), allowing the ship to travel in different directions. As a result, sailors could travel successfully through large bodies of water for the first time, expanding trade routes.

Who used the lateen sails in the Indian Ocean for navigation and trade?

Arabs

Name (3) things ship builders could do that could help ships improve their efficiency.

1. adjust ratio of length to width of ship
2. add/reduce number of masts
3. use different types of sails

How long is the carrack?

150 ft

How long is the caravel?

75 ft

How long is the fluyt?

80 ft

How many sails & masts does a carrack have?

square & lateen sails on 3-4 masts

How many sails & masts does a caravel have?

lateen sails on 2-3 masts

How many sails & masts does a fluyt have?

square on 2-3 masts

What is the purpose of carracks?

trade

What is the purpose of caravel?

long voyages at great speed

What is the purpose of fluyt?

trade

Who mainly used the carrack?

Portuguese

Who mainly used the caravel?

Portuguese & Spanish

Who mainly used the fluyt?

Dutch

During what centuries did the carrack reach its peak?

14th - 17th (1300-1600)

During what centuries did the caravel reach its peak?

15th - 17th (1400-1600)

During what centuries did the fluyt reach its peak?

16th - 17th (1500-1600)

What were the long-term results of increasing naval technology be the late 1400s?

rapid expansion of exploration & global trade

Why would Polynesia be the only part of Afro-Eurasia that would not be affected by the rapid increase in global trade?

It was far removed from trading routes.

What aided Europeans in their conquests abroad? (HINT: Chinese)

gunpowder

Who were Sea Beggars?

Dutch pirates who used gunpowder to ravage cities

How did new technology & trade enter Africa? (HINT: religion)

Islam (Abbasid Empire & merchants)

Describe how Peter the Great tried to built Russia's military & naval power.

He visited Western Europe in 1697 to observe military & naval tech. Then, he hired German technicians & others to help build Russia's "".

The lateen sail was first used in
A) the Black Sea
B) the East African coastal city of Kilwa
C) Constantinople
D) the Indian Ocean

D) the Indian Ocean