Chapter 5 Griggs - Memory

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52 Terms

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Three Types of Memory

Sensory memory, Short-term memory, and Long-Term Memory

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Sensory Memory

Information is gathered by our five senses and has a very short duration and a very large capacity

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Short-term Memory (Working)

Recognized information from sensory memory enters consciousness, has a 30-second duration, and the capacity is 5-9 chunks. Think of this as your computer

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Maintenance Rehearsal

A type of rehearsal that works with short-term memory. Information is repeated over and over to maintain it. This is the less useful rehearsal as you do not store 50% of the information in long-term memory

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Memory Span

The average number of items remembered across memory span trials

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Chunk

Meaningful unit of information. Foods, Colors, Drinks…etc.

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Distractor Task

An immediate distraction that deters concentration like counting backward aloud by 3s

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Long-Term Memory

The encoded information from short-term memory that stores information for a long period of time, perhaps permanently. The capacity is essentially unlimited. Think of this as the hard drive of your computer

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Explicit Memory (Declarative)

Long-term memory for factual knowledge and personal experiences that require conscious recall

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Semantic Memories

Memories for factual knowledge that is true for everyone

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Episodic Memories

Memories for personal life experiences

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Implicit Memory (Nondeclarative)

A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to recall. It involves skills and procedures that are remembered unconsciously, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces.

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Procedural Memories

Have a physical procedural aspect to them

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Priming

Influence of an earlier presented stimulus on the response to a later stimulus

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Explicit Memory Formation

The hippocampus is important for the formation of these memories

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Implicit Memory Formation

Other areas, such as the cerebellum, seem to be important for the formation of these memories

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Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form long-term memories for events following brain surgery or trauma

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Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to remember events before, especially just before, surgery or trauma

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What type of amnesia did H.M. have?

Anterograde Amnesia

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Free Recall Task

Participants are given a list of words one at a time, then asked to recall them in any order they wish

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Primacy Effect

A cognitive bias where people tend to remember information presented at the beginning of a list better than information presented later.

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Recency Effect

A cognitive bias where people tend to remember the last few pieces of information, they encountered better than information from the past.

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Encoding

Transferring information from one memory stage to the next

Think of this as file names in your computer or hard drive

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Storage

Maintaining information is a particular stage

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Retrieval

Bringing stored information from long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory

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Effortful Processing

Occurs consciously and requires attention

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Automatic Processing

Occurs subconsciously and does not require attention

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Levels-of-Processing Theory

Describes what type of encoding lead to better retrieval

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Which level of processing is the best for retrieval?

Semantic: learning what the information means

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Rehearsing information by relating new information to information already in long-term memory

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Self-Reference Effect

Better memory for information you have related to yourself, these connections provide more retrieval cues and lend more meaning to the new information

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Encoding Specificity Principle

Proposes that cues present during encoding serve as the best cues for retrieval

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State-Dependent Memory

Depends on the similarity of one’s physiological state at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval

Being calm during studying and then calm during the exam

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Mood-Congruence Effect

Memory is better for experiences that are congruent with a person’s current mood

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Mnemonics

Memory aids that require elaborative rehearsal

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Method of Loci

Sequential pieces of information to be remembered are first associated with sequential locations in a very familiar room or location

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Peg-Word System

Items to be remembered are visually associated in a memorized jingle

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Spacing Effect

Contends that memory will improve if you study for an exam over an extended time interval rather than just a few days before the exam

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Overlearning

Involves studying material past the point of initial learning

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Recall

Requires reproduction of information without retrieval cues

Remembering without having anything to help guide you

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Recognition

Requires identification of information in the presence of retrieval cues

Exactly how multiple-choice questions work on an exam

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Relearning (Savings Method)

Amount of time saved when learning information for a second time

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Storage Decay Theory

Suggests that forgetting occurs because of a problem in the storage of the information

Has the least amount of research to back it up

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Cue-Dependent Theory

Suggests that people forget because the cues necessary for retrieval are not available

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

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Interference Theory

Proposes that other similar information interferes and makes the forgotten information inaccessible

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Proactive Interference

Occurs when information you already know makes it hard to retrieve newly learned information

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Retroactive Interference

Occurs when information you just learned makes it hard to retrieve old information

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Encoding Failure Theory

Forgetting is due to the failure to encode the information into long-term memory

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Retrieval Reconstruction

Guided by schemas

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Schemas

Organized frameworks of knowledge about people, objects, and events that tell us what normally happens in a given situation

How people think about things, everyone is different

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Source Misattribution and Misinformation

Occurs when we do not remember the true source of memory and attribute the memory to the wrong source

Can create false memories

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False Memories

Can occur because of misinformation effect (when a memory is distorted by subsequent exposure to misleading information)