swine and camelids

In the llama, which cervical vertebra is used as the landmark for low neck jugular venipuncture?

Sixth

Trichuris tenuis is a . . .

Whipworm

Which of the following is a term for a castrated camelid?

Gelding

What is the average gestation period for llamas and alpacas?

335 to 365 days

All of the following statements about castration in camelids is true except:

Crias gelded before the recommended age develop degenerative osteoarthritis of the stifle.

Crias gelded before the recommended age experience patellar luxation.

Many owners prefer castration earlier than the recommended age.

Castration is performed at 1 year of age.

Castration is performed at 1 year of age.

Castration in camelids should occur at what age?

2 years

All of the following statements about medication administration in camelids are true except:

Intramuscular injections should not be given in the neck muscles.

Multiple intramuscular injections should be given at least 1 inch apart.

Camelids are unable to regurgitate.

Oral pastes should not be introduced into the cheek pouch.

Camelids are unable to regurgitate.

Which of the following statements about general anesthesia in camelids is not true?

The ear vein is used for direct arterial blood pressure monitoring.

At the surgical plane of anesthesia, the MAP in healthy adults is 80 to 100 mm Hg.

When hypotension presents, a 5 to 10 mL/kg bolus of electrolyte solution is administered.

Hypotension is the most common complication of anesthesia in camelids.

Hypotension is the most common complication of anesthesia in camelids.

Which of the following statements about recovery from general anesthesia is true?

Nasal or laryngeal edema can develop during anesthesia and produce respiratory distress during recovery.

Camelids attempt to stand immediately after the effects of the anesthesia wear off.

Unlike ruminants, camelids are extubated with the endotracheal tube cuff deflated.

Placing the patient in lateral recumbency helps vent any fermentation gas trapped in the first compartment.

Nasal or laryngeal edema can develop during anesthesia and produce respiratory distress during recovery.

Which of the following statements about adequacy of passive transfer of antibodies is not true?

Failure of passive transfer is a common cause of mortality in crias.

Low birth weight may be indicative of failure of passive transfer.

The type of placenta found in camelids is responsible for poor passive transfer.

If bottle feeding is necessary and camelid colostrum is unavailable, no other milk replacement products can be used.

If bottle feeding is necessary and camelid colostrum is unavailable, no other milk replacement products can be used.

Which of the following statements about camelids is true?

When collecting a voided urine sample, gently placing a hand at the tail base facilitates the process.

As compared to ruminants, bladder catheterization of male camelids is relatively easy.

When performing abdominocentesis, the needle insertion point is directly to the right or left of the linea alba.

To aid in collecting a fecal sample, haltering and leading the animal to the dung pile encourages defecation.

To aid in collecting a fecal sample, haltering and leading the animal to the dung pile encourages defecation.

What is occurring when llamas and alpacas make a gurgling sound while being captured?

Getting ready to spit

Which of the following statements about "berserk male syndrome" is true?

It is limited to male crias.

It is caused by owner's paying too little attention to the cria.

It has been linked to crias being fed grain prior to 3 months of age.

It is also known as aberrant behavior syndrome.

It is also known as aberrant behavior syndrome.

How does a deer restraint chute differ from the one used with cattle?

The floor drops out.

Which of the following is true:

alpacas mate in a cush position

alpacas are pseudoruminants

male alpacas make a orgling sound when mating

all of these answers are true

all of these answers are true

The dental formula for llamas and alpacas is

2(I1/3 C1/1 P1-2/1-2 M3/3)

All of the following statements about camelids are true except

Alpacas typically are smaller than llamas.

Semen should be placed into the right uterine horn during artificial insemination.

Live cover is used most commonly.

Llamas have a dual-fiber coat, whereas alpacas do not.

Semen should be placed into the right uterine horn during artificial insemination.

Alpacas enter puberty around what age?

2 years

Most camelids require hoof trimming:

every 12 months

A camelid that presents with its ears held up and rotated slightly forward, with its tail lying flat against the rectum, is

Relaxed

All of the following statements about blood collection in camelids are true except

In the low neck region, the jugular vein and carotid artery are juxta positioned.

With the low neck jugular technique, occluding the vein leads to reliable vein distention.

Arterial blood sampling in the low neck region is possible but difficult.

Hematoma formation is more common in camelids than in other species.

Arterial blood sampling in the low neck region is possible but difficult.

All of the following statements are true except

Camelids are obligate nasal breathers.

Nasal edema is the most common complication of general anesthesia in camelids.

When camelids are moderately sedated, they tend to lie down in sternal recumbency.

Determining the fibrinogen level prior to surgery is helpful.

Camelids are obligate nasal breathers.

Which of the following statements about venous blood collection in camelids is not true?

Because of their thick coat, clipping the hair over the jugular vein is necessary and expected by owners.

A 1½-inch needle is used for blood draws from the jugular vein because the skin in the neck region is so thick.

With the high neck technique, confirmation of jugular vein location is achieved by flicking the vein and palpating the resulting waves.

The high neck jugular technique decreases the chances of an inadvertent arterial blood draw.

Because of their thick coat, clipping the hair over the jugular vein is necessary and expected by owners.

The normal temperature range in llamas and alpacas is

99° F to 101.5° F

The normal pulse rate in llamas and alpacas is

60 to 90 bpm

Eimeria spp. is a . . .

Coccidia

What are camelids doing when they "kush"?

Lying down

Which of the following statements about camelids and general anesthesia is not true?

Food is withheld for 12 to 18 hours in patients older than 4 months of age.

Camelids often bloat during anesthesia.

Struggling with younger patients during the pre-anesthetic period can result in hypoglycemia.

Regurgitation can occur during anesthesia.

Camelids often bloat during anesthesia.

All of the following statements about camelids are true except

Dystocia is uncommon.

The dam often gives birth from a standing position.

Retained placentas are a rare occurrence.

Crias normally nurse within 1 hour of birth.

Crias normally nurse within 1 hour of birth.

Which of the following statements about camelids is true?

Twinning is more common in alpacas.

They are seasonally polyestrous.

They are induced ovulators.

Duration of estrus is 18 to 48 hours.

They are induced ovulators.

Which of the following statements is true?

Surgical correction of a hernia is called herniorrhaphy.

Umbilical hernias usually are recognized within a few days after birth.

Cryptorchidism in swine is uncommon.

Umbilical hernias in swine are uncommon.

Surgical correction of a hernia is called herniorrhaphy.

Restraint of potbellied pet pigs is most similar to that of

Dogs

Which of the following is not true about Exudative Epidermitis in swine?

It causes diamond shaped lesions on the skin.

Which of the following muscles is appropriate to use for medication administration in the cow and pig?

Cervical (neck) muscle

All of the following statements about injection techniques in swine are true except

IM injections are administered in the dorsal neck muscles.

Fluids administered intraperitoneally to piglets should be hypertonic.

IV injections and fluid therapy in larger pigs are given in the lateral auricular vein.

Burred needles can cause scar tissue.

Fluids administered intraperitoneally to piglets should be hypertonic.

Placement of an intravenous catheter in the auricular vein is common practice in which species?

Pig

Which of the following statements is not true?

Piglets are born with four needle teeth.

Use of the universal ear notching system is the preferred numbering system for pigs..

Tail biting can cause paralysis of the hindlimbs.

Many feeder pig operations do not accept pigs with tails.

Piglets are born with four needle teeth.

Which of the following statements about swine erysipelas is not true?

If the acute form is left untreated, large round skin lesions develop.

It is transmitted by carrier pigs.

The acute form is seen commonly in finishing pigs.

Treatment of pigs with the chronic form is ineffective.

If the acute form is left untreated, large round skin lesions develop.

The cranial vena cava in swine is accessed from the

Right side of the animal

The meat withdrawal time for xylazine is ______ days.

5

All of the following statements about anemia in piglets are true except

The anemia in piglets is referred to as "baby pig thumps."

Piglets are born with little iron in their bodies.

Oral iron supplements can be administered in the creep feed.

A blood hemoglobin level of 2 mg/dL is considered adequate.

A blood hemoglobin level of 2 mg/dL is considered adequate.

Dyspnea and open-mouth breathing in swine can be caused by

Hyperthermia

Anemia is prevented in piglets with supplementation of:

Iron

Which of the following parasites found in swine is not zoonotic?

Haematopinus suis

Which of the following statements about porcine epidemic diarrhea virus is not true?

Outbreaks often start in feeders, finishers, and adult swine.

It is caused by a coronavirus.

The mortality rate among all ages of swine is high.

Clinical signs include watery diarrhea.

The mortality rate among all ages of swine is high.

Ear protection is necessary when restraining which animal?

Pigs

All of the following statements about transmissible gastroenteritis are true except

Mortality among neonates can reach 100%.

Clinical signs in gestating sows include abortion.

No vaccine is available.

Undigested milk curds can be seen in the diarrhea of piglets.

No vaccine is available.

Which of the following statements is true?

Pale soft exudative pork results from activation of PSS.

Rickets results from a dietary deficiency of potassium.

The incidence of porcine stress syndrome is lower during humid weather.

Malignant hyperthermia can be treated with neuromuscular blocking agents.

Pale soft exudative pork results from activation of PSS.

Which of the following parasites found in swine would be located in muscle?

Trichinella spiralis

You are called to a hog farm for "pig processing." What will you be doing?

Taking care of routine piglet requirements

Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae is the cause of Glasser disease. T/F

false

Which type of pork production system involves only breeding, gestation, and parturition of swine?

Farrowing

Which of the following statements about exudative epidermitis is true?

It is known as "oily pig disease."

It is caused by streptococci.

Pigs gain immunity as they age.

Transmission is by contact with infected urine.

Pigs gain immunity as they age.

Which of the following has the least herding instinct?

Pigs

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas. T/F

true

Endotracheal intubation in swine is easier than that of a cow. T/F

false

The most accessible and commonly used vein for intravenous catheterization in swine is the

Lateral auricular vein

To prevent disease transmission, newly acquired pigs are not introduced to the rest of the herd for

30 days

Which of the following statements about pleuropneumonia is not true?

Once established in a herd, detection is difficult.

Clinical signs in younger swine include cyanotic extremities and thumps.

It is spread by aerosolized respiratory droplets.

Onset is sudden.

It is spread by aerosolized respiratory droplets.

PPV causes death and mummification of the fetus

Between 30 and 70 days of gestation

For which of the following diseases are mummification and stillbirth the only indications that a herd is infected?

Porcine parvovirus

Unlike ruminants, pigs have a genetic predisposition to which of the following?

Hyperthermia

The risk of causing malignant hyperthermia in swine under general anesthesia is greater when using _________.

halothane

A system of mating in which a sow in estrus is placed in a pen with one boar, under the watchful eye of the producer is

Hand mating

Which species has a corkscrew shaped penis?

swine

Animals of which species often breathe rapidly and shallowly, somewhat like a panting dog, during general anesthesia?

Cow

Which of the following statements about swine influenza is true?

In North America, outbreaks occur in the spring or summer.

Clinical signs typically last 3 to 4 weeks.

Affected animals can have fevers up to 108° F.

It is transmitted from neighboring farms on fomites.

Affected animals can have fevers up to 108° F.

Which of the following statements about mycoplasmal pneumonia is not true?

An all in/all out management approach limits its effects.

Diagnosis is made in the slaughterhouse.

It is not encountered in the United States.

Clinical signs include a persistent dry cough.

It is not encountered in the United States.

The normal PCV in a swine ranges from

32% to 50%

Which device is commonly used to restrain adult pigs for blood collection?

Snare

How would you prevent piglets from biting/lacerating the sow when nursing or competing to nurse?

Trim the needle teeth

Which of the following statements about porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is not true?

The first stage is the pneumonic phase.

It impacts postweaning piglets.

A vaccine is available.

It impacts nursing piglets.

The first stage is the pneumonic phase.

What percentage of the cost of raising swine is the cost of feed?

60% to 70%

Which of the following statements regarding general anesthesia in swine is true?

IM injection of preanesthetic drugs into the neck muscles provides the most consistent results.

The endotracheal tube is removed with the cuff deflated.

Regurgitation is common

A heart rate greater than 90 bpm requires intervention.

The endotracheal tube is removed with the cuff deflated.

For which of the following diseases is mucoid diarrhea with flecks of blood the primary clinical sign?

Swine dysentery

At what age are piglets commonly weaned?

30 days

All of the following statements are true except

Scrotal hernias may be bilateral.

Inguinal hernias have a hereditary etiology.

In the U.S. and Canada, castrated males cannot be marketed for meat.

Males destined for market should be castrated by 2 weeks of age.

In the U.S. and Canada, castrated males cannot be marketed for meat.

When E. coli colonizes in the stomach of piglets it leads to Enteric Colibacillosis. T/F

false

The preferred patient position for obtaining blood samples from the cranial vena cava in small swine is

Dorsal recumbency

Before entering the breeding herd, pigs are vaccinated for

Parvovirus, erysipelas, and leptospirosis

Necropsy procedure in swine most closely resembles the necropsy procedure for

Dogs and cats

Eperythrozoon suis it is a rickettsiae organism that typically appears as a coccoid organism. T/F

true

What is the gestation period for swine?

114 days

Piglet tails are docked to prevent

Chewing by other piglets

All of the following statements about atrophic rhinitis are true except

The progressive form is caused by Pasteurella multocida.

The regressive form of the disease is permanent.

Inadequate ventilation can intensify the disease.

The regressive form is caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica.

The regressive form of the disease is permanent.

A female of the porcine species that has not had a litter yet is called a:

Gilt

One of the most common causes of death in newborn piglets is

Being crushed by the sow

Which of the following statements about blood collection from the cranial vena cava is not true?

Accidentally hitting the phrenic nerve can alter the function of the diaphragm.

Accidentally hitting the vagus nerve can damage the sympathetic nerve supply to the heart.

The needle is inserted just lateral to the manubrium.

In adult pigs, a 4- to 4½-inch needle is required.

Accidentally hitting the vagus nerve can damage the sympathetic nerve supply to the heart.

All of the following statements about epidural anesthesia in swine are true except

A 5- to 7-inch needle is used for swine weighing 200 kg or more.

Xylazine administered at doses of 3 mg/kg or higher causes hindlimb paresis that lasts for 36 hours.

Epidural anesthesia in swine is considered to be a "cranial epidural" as opposed to a "caudal epidural."

The anesthetic agent is injected between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

The anesthetic agent is injected between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

The primary method for diagnosing pregnancy in swine is

Transabdominal ultrasound

Which of the following is a bacterial disease that causes fever and polyarthritis?

Glasser disease

Which of the following statements about malignant hyperthermia in swine under general anesthesia is not true?

It is recognized by body temperature in excess of 107° F.

Clinical signs include muscle rigidity.

Administering dantrolene is the only specific treatment.

Its onset during the surgical procedure is gradual.

Its onset during the surgical procedure is gradual.

Which of the following statements about general anesthetic risks in swine is not true?

Accumulated saliva can trigger a laryngospasm.

Because of their size, hypoxemia has few consequences in adult swine.

Accumulated saliva can occlude the larynx.

Endotracheal intubation can result in laryngeal edema

Because of their size, hypoxemia has few consequences in adult swine.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Growth of the canine teeth in female swine ceases after 2 years of age.

During a C-section for treatment of dystocia, fluid support is provided by IV catheterization of the auricular vein.

In male swine, growth of the maxillary canine teeth is pronounced, requiring tusk trimming.

During a C-section for treatment of dystocia, fluid support is administered initially at a rate of 20 to 40 mL/kg/hr.

In male swine, growth of the maxillary canine teeth is pronounced, requiring tusk trimming.

Which of the following items, which are toxic to swine, causes acute cerebral edema?

Salt

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is treatable with antibiotics. T/F

false

Malignant hyperthermia is not a concern in pot-bellied pigs. T/F

false