calories

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Last updated 12:08 PM on 7/17/26
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12 Terms

1
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original method

Scientists literally burn food inside a sealed chamber called a bomb calorimeter. The food is ignited, and the heat released warms surrounding water. By measuring the water's temperature rise, they calculate the energy content. One kilocalorie (kcal) = the energy needed to raise 1kg of water by 1°C.

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modern method

Since bomb calorimetry doesn't account for what your body actually absorbs, most food labels today use the Atwater general factor system, which assigns standard calorie values per gram:

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protein

4kcal/gram

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carbohydrates

4kcal/gram

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fat

9kcal/gram

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alcohol

7kcal/gram

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fiber

2kcal/gram

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9
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12
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