Anatomy and Physiology Precision Exam Review for Standard 1

Anatomist

Studies body structure through observation.

Physiologist

Studies functions of body parts.

Pathologist

Examines disease effects on body.

Biochemist

Studies chemical processes in living organisms.

Anatomy

Study of body structure and organization.

Physiology

Study of body functions and processes.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Organelles

Specialized structures within cells performing functions.

Cells

Basic unit of structure and function in organisms.

Tissues

Groups of specialized cells performing specific functions.

Organs

Structures composed of different tissues working together.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs functioning together for a purpose.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Type of tissue with flat cells.

Positive Homeostatic Mechanism

Response enhancing a physiological change.

Negative Homeostatic Mechanism

Response counteracting a physiological change.

Levels of Complexity

Hierarchy from cells to organ systems.

Greek Origin of Anatomy

Derived from 'cutting up' in Greek.

Latin Origin of Physiology

Related to 'relationship to nature' in Latin.

Chemical Responses

Reactions occurring at molecular and cellular levels.

Increasing Complexity Order

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

Function of Taste Receptors

Detect sweetness in the small intestine.

Physiological Functions

Depend on anatomical structure of body parts.

Ongoing Physiological Functions

Continuous processes in living organisms.

Fluid Retention

Accumulation of fluid leading to more fluid retention.

Insulin Secretion

Insulin release post-meal to normalize blood sugar.

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Enhances change in a variable away from normal.

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Counteracts changes to maintain stable internal conditions.

Blood Platelets

Cells that help form clots at wound sites.

Homeostasis

Balanced concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen.

Environmental Requirements

Essentials like water and carbon dioxide for survival.

Stimulation in Feedback

Response to change in the opposite direction.

Uterine Contractions

Example of positive feedback during childbirth.

Pneumothorax

Collapsed lung due to air in pleural cavity.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Body cavity containing digestive and reproductive organs.

Parietal Pleura

Outer layer lining the thoracic cavity.

Visceral Pleura

Inner layer covering the lungs.

Digestive System Function

Absorbs nutrients from food.

Scrotum

Part of the male reproductive system.

Thoracic Cavity

Cavity housing the lungs and heart.

Blood Vessel Sealing

Platelets form plugs to stop bleeding.

Pain Sensation

Triggers withdrawal reflex from injury.

Heart Rate Regulation

Slowing heart rate during bleeding response.

Stable Conditions

Conditions maintained through negative feedback.

Homeostasis Maintenance

Achieved through various feedback mechanisms.

Temperature Control

Maintained within a limited range for homeostasis.

Nitrogen

Essential element obtained from the environment.

Dorsal

Refers to the back or posterior side.

Ventral

Refers to the front or anterior side.

Superior

Positioned above or higher than another structure.

Inferior

Positioned below or lower than another structure.

Endocrine System

Organ system producing hormones and regulating metabolism.

Skeletal System

Organ system providing structure and producing blood cells.

Respiratory System

Organ system responsible for gas exchange.

Muscular System

Organ system enabling movement through muscle contraction.

Parietal Layer

Serous membrane layer lining body cavities.

Visceral Layer

Serous membrane layer covering organs.

Frontal Section

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse Section

Divides body into superior and inferior parts.

Midsagittal Section

Divides body into equal right and left halves.

Sagittal Section

Divides body into right and left parts.

Hypochondriac Region

Upper lateral abdominal area beneath ribs.

Iliac Region

Lower lateral abdominal area near hips.

Hypogastric Region

Lower central abdominal area below the umbilicus.

Epigastric Region

Upper central abdominal area above the umbilicus.

Anatomical Position

Standard body position for anatomical reference.

Superficial

Describes a structure close to the body surface.

Ultrasonography

Imaging technique visualizing soft internal structures.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging technique using radio waves for body scans.

Tissue Level

Organization level where similar cells perform functions.

Water

Most abundant chemical in the body, vital for life.

Cavities in Head

Include paranasal sinuses and cranial cavity.

Urinary System

Organ system including kidneys and bladder.

Endocrine and Digestive Systems

Pancreas functions in both hormone release and digestion.

Nervous System

Organ system controlling body functions and responses.

Physiological Description

Describes function, such as heart muscle control.

Femoral Region

Upper thigh area, located proximal to popliteal region.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment.

Medial

Closer to the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment.

Lateral

Farther from the midline of the body.

Anatomist

Observes and studies body structures.

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell.

Cell

Basic unit of structure and function.

Tissues

Groups of specialized cells performing functions.

Simple squamous epithelium

A type of tissue with flat cells.

Positive feedback mechanism

Enhances change in a variable.

Negative feedback mechanism

Reduces change in a variable.

Fluid retention

Example of positive homeostasis in humans.

Environmental needs

Water is essential for human survival.

Concentration balance

Water, nutrients, and oxygen must be stable.

Heat and pressure

Must remain within limited ranges for homeostasis.

Levels of complexity

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

Greek origin of anatomy

Derived from the word meaning 'cutting up'.

Greek origin of physiology

Related to 'relationship to nature'.

Discovery of taste receptors

Illustrates ongoing anatomy and physiology research.

Homeostasis

Balance of water, nutrients, and oxygen concentrations.

Negative feedback mechanism

Stimulates opposite direction change in variable.

Positive feedback mechanism

Moves conditions away from normal state.

Unstable conditions

Temporary state caused by positive feedback.

Pancreatitis

Disease originating in the abdominopelvic cavity.