Plants

seed*

a reproductive structure produced by angiosperms with specialized tissues that enclose a plant in an embryo

contain embryos that develop into seedlings upon germination usually the result of sexual reproduction

What are seeds produced by?*

gymnosperms and flowering plants

What type of production are seeds usually produced by?

sexual reproduction

biogeochemical cycle

when elements like carbon and nitrogen move from the physical environment to organisms and back to the environment

Reservoirs*

places where carbon accumulates

Flux*

movement of carbon between reservoirs

examples of carbon fluxes

respiration, decomposition, and photosynthesis

biodiversity loss caused by humans

Habitat loss, Overexploitation, Pollution, Invasive species, Climate change

TFR*

total fertility rate

What is the definition of TFR?

average number of live births a woman has during her lifetime

Ecological footprint*

the amount of productive land needed to support the average individual

how to determine overall impact

population size x resource use

what is the predominant man-made reason for extinction?

deforestation

overexploitation*

human harvest of an organism that is unsustainable given its birth and death rates

habitat loss*

natural habitat is altered in a way that it doesn’t support species originally present

Biomagnification*

increase in concentration of a substance in living organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain

haploid*

gametophyte

one copy of each chromosome

diploid*

sporophyte generation

two copies of each chromosome

mitosis*

cell division where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

meiosis*

cell division that produces four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes (n) as the parent cell

fertilization*

fusion of egg and sperm

characteristics of gymnosperms*

nonflowering plants

seeds are naked and usually found in a cone

characteristics of angiosperms*

flowering plants

seed enclosed in ovary (usually a fruit)

what are the two main organ systems in a flowering plant?

the shoot and root system

what do the organ systems of flowering plants contain?

organs, tissues, and specialized cells

3 types of ground tissues

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma

Parenchyma

functions as storage (pulp of fruit)

sclerenchyma

functions as support; dead at maturity (bark, woody stems, etc.)

collenchyma

functions as support; thickened walls (strings in celery stalks)

plant tissue types

dermal, vascular, ground

dermal tissue

covers and protect the plant

vascular

transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant

ground

site for photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue, and helps to store water and sugars

4 ways plants grow and develop

cell division, growth, cell specialization, programmed cell death (apoptosis)

meristem*

region of undifferentiated cells that produce tissues by cell division

intermediate growth

meristems divide continuously throughout the life of plant

apical meristem

meristem on shoot and root tips

stem cell*

cells that remain undifferentiated but produce new cells

gametophyte*

haploid stage that produces gametes via mitosis

sporophyte*

diploid stage that produces haploid spores via meiosis

zygote*

a single (diploid) cell

embryo*

multicellular stage that develops from the zygote by mitotic division

indeterminate growth*

meristems divide continuously throughout the life of plant

determinate growth*

growth ceases when plant part reaches a certain size

leaf primordia*

group of cells that form new leaves

auxin

controls production of leaf primordia

stomata*

Openings in skin of leaf for gas exchange (CO2 in and O2 out)

palmate venation*

branched

parallel venation*

smooth

xylem*

transports water, minerals, and organic compounds

phloem*

conducting tissue in plant stem

cuticle*

prevents desiccation (drying)

guard cell*

regulate stomatal opening and closing

types of cambium*

vascular and cork

vascular cambium*

is a lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissues (wood, inner bark)

cork cambium*

produces bark (dead cork cells)

rhizome*

modified stems that occur underground (potatoes, carrots)

in xylem, are stems dead or alive when mature?*

dead

alive

in phloem, are stems dead or alive when mature?

gibberellic acid

produced by leaf primordia

herbaceous

non wood

taxa

groups of organisms that are evolutionarily related to each other

root (phylogeny)*

the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all the organisms depicted in the tree

node (phylogeny)*

point on tree where cladogenesis occurred

branch (phylogeny)*

an evolutionary “lineage” of organisms

clade (phylogeny)*

group of organisms that includes a MRCA and all of its descendants

Simple streptophyte algae*

1 billion years old

800 million years ago

Complex streptophyte algae

biodiversity*

variety of life on earth

ecosystem services*

species provide natural resources and services

(benefits) to humans in our ecosystems

invasive species*

introduced species that spread on their own, outcompeting

native species for space and other resources

meiosis

diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores by

spores grow into

gametophytes

haploid gametophytes produce

gametes

Fusion of egg-sperm during fertilization produces a diploid

zygote

Zygote undergoes repeated mitotic divisions to form an

embryo

Which process allows a diploid sporophyte to produce haploid spores?

meiosis

What do haploid spores develop into?

gametophyte

What results from the fusion of gametes in the plant life cycle?

zygote

What are the two generations plants go through?

diploid and haploid

Diploid stage is limited to the unicellular zygote

No multicellular sporophyte

what are the main differences in the zygotic streptophyte life cycle?

matrotrophy

Protects from desiccation and gives nutrients to developing embryo

sporangia

Protects from UV, microbial attack and aids in dispersal

gametangia

gametes are stored and protected

characteristics of zygotic life cycles

immediate meiosis

no sporophyte (2n generation)

4 swimming spores

characteristics of sporic life cycles

delayed meiosis

air-dispersed spores

many spores in air

characteristics of zygote

unicellular

2n

fusion of egg and sperm

bryophyte

Small, non-vascular plants that require moist environments

3 types of bryophyte

hornwort, liverwort, moss

hornwort

horn-shaped spore capsules

liverwort

flat, lobed thalli that often grow close to the ground; no distinct stems or leaves

mosses

visible “stems” and leaves that often grow in spiral pattern

archegonia

sex organ that produces eggs

antheridia

sex organ that produces sperm

is sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in mosses?

gametophyte