L'Aquila - local scale place in a hazardous setting
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20 Terms
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L’Aquila location
Italy
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L’Aquila hazard
Earthquake
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Physical nature of the earthquake hazard
\-L’Aquila didn’t have an earthquake for 300 years
\-Adjacent to a destructive plate boundary between the subducting African plate and Eurasian plate
\-Adjacent to a destructive plate boundary between the subducting African plate and Eurasian plate
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Social character of L’Aquila’s community
\-Strong religious following
\-High proportion of young people (students) due to the university (this influences the built environment)
\-Has mostly national tourism, so has a greater Italian character than popular tourist cities
\-High proportion of young people (students) due to the university (this influences the built environment)
\-Has mostly national tourism, so has a greater Italian character than popular tourist cities
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Economic character of L’Aquila’s community
\-Urban area with mixed land use
\-University means lots of employment
\-High density of buildings (including historical ones)
\-Many tertiary services (bars and restaurants)
\-University means lots of employment
\-High density of buildings (including historical ones)
\-Many tertiary services (bars and restaurants)
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Environmental character of L’Aquila’s community
\-No earthquake in 300 years, so little preparation
\-Inland city
\-Surrounded by 4 mountains (isolated community)
\-Inland city
\-Surrounded by 4 mountains (isolated community)
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What endogenous human factors shaped the character before the earthquake
\-Land use (urban area for residential, leisure and commercial use)
\-Built environment (urban area = higher density of buildings like houses, restaurants, historical buildings, university is one the main sources of employment)
\-Demographic characteristics (300,000 inhabitants, higher proportion of students, strong religious following)
\-Built environment (urban area = higher density of buildings like houses, restaurants, historical buildings, university is one the main sources of employment)
\-Demographic characteristics (300,000 inhabitants, higher proportion of students, strong religious following)
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What endogenous physical factors shaped the character before the earthquake
\-Location (inland, center of Italy)
\-Topography (elevated in a valley, between 4 mountains)
\-Physical geography (close to destructive plate boundary)
\-Topography (elevated in a valley, between 4 mountains)
\-Physical geography (close to destructive plate boundary)
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What exogenous factors shaped the character before the earthquake
\-University attracted large number of students to the area (increased the proportion of young people)
\-University investment was major economic source for city
\-Tourists from other parts of Italy visit and spend money
\-University investment was major economic source for city
\-Tourists from other parts of Italy visit and spend money
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Community’s response to the earthquake risk
\-Scientists monitored the crust using seismometers and measured levels of radon gas
\-A risk assessment put L’Aquila at risk from a moderate magnitude earthquake
\-New buildings were designed to be earthquake proof, however not many were built to code
\-Old buildings weren’t retrofitted
\-Not significant emphasis at a community level due to infrequency of major earthquakes in the area
\-People continued to live, not in fear
\-Clear lack of community preparedness (foreshocks in the evening before didn’t lead to people evacuating, officers advised those who left their homes to return, many buildings offered no protection)
\-Geologists predicted the earthquake, but the government didn’t listen
\-A risk assessment put L’Aquila at risk from a moderate magnitude earthquake
\-New buildings were designed to be earthquake proof, however not many were built to code
\-Old buildings weren’t retrofitted
\-Not significant emphasis at a community level due to infrequency of major earthquakes in the area
\-People continued to live, not in fear
\-Clear lack of community preparedness (foreshocks in the evening before didn’t lead to people evacuating, officers advised those who left their homes to return, many buildings offered no protection)
\-Geologists predicted the earthquake, but the government didn’t listen
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The earthquake
\-2009
\-3:32 am
\-6.3 magnitude
\-Epicenter near to the city
\-Lasted 20 seconds
\-Number of large aftershocks
\-3:32 am
\-6.3 magnitude
\-Epicenter near to the city
\-Lasted 20 seconds
\-Number of large aftershocks
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Magnitude of the earthquake
6\.3
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Duration of the earthquake
20 seconds
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Impacts of the earthquake
\-Killed 300
\-Made 70,000 homeless
\-Made 70,000 homeless
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Cost of the earthquake
$15 billion
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Social effects of the earthquake on the character of L’Aquila
Endogenous:
\-Many historical buildings were destroyed
\-Demographics changed due to young people leaving
\-Attendance at social and religious activities declined
\-Some suffered from mental health issues
Exogenous:
\-Migration of people out to look for jobs elsewhere
\-People were rehoused in new estates outside the city
\-Many historical buildings were destroyed
\-Demographics changed due to young people leaving
\-Attendance at social and religious activities declined
\-Some suffered from mental health issues
Exogenous:
\-Migration of people out to look for jobs elsewhere
\-People were rehoused in new estates outside the city
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Economic effects of the earthquake on the character of L’Aquila
Endogenous:
\-University buildings were badly damaged and unusable for months
\-Italian government plans to reconstruct areas to be economically stronger than before the earthquake
\-26,000 made unemployed
\-Many were forced to pay taxes and mortgages on destroyed properties
Exogenous:
\-Number of students unrolling decreased = job and economic loss
\-University buildings were badly damaged and unusable for months
\-Italian government plans to reconstruct areas to be economically stronger than before the earthquake
\-26,000 made unemployed
\-Many were forced to pay taxes and mortgages on destroyed properties
Exogenous:
\-Number of students unrolling decreased = job and economic loss
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Political effects of the earthquake on the character of L’Aquila
Endogenous:
\-Government was blamed for not rebuilding L’Aquila quick enough or involving residents in the decisions
\-Protests in Rome about the 4 million tonnes of rubble that had been left
\-Officials blamed for not giving the public adequate warnings about the earthquake = tension with residents
\-Response was rapid and at national level
Exogenous:
\-Government ordered total evacuation of town center
\-Government was blamed for not rebuilding L’Aquila quick enough or involving residents in the decisions
\-Protests in Rome about the 4 million tonnes of rubble that had been left
\-Officials blamed for not giving the public adequate warnings about the earthquake = tension with residents
\-Response was rapid and at national level
Exogenous:
\-Government ordered total evacuation of town center
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To what extent had the character of L’Aquila been negatively impacted by the earthquake
\-Huge extent
\-Lots of infrastructure still not reconstructed after 7 years
\-Lots of young people migrated out
\-Incredibly high unemployment rate (56%)
\-Reduced flows of people = less tourism
\-Lots of infrastructure still not reconstructed after 7 years
\-Lots of young people migrated out
\-Incredibly high unemployment rate (56%)
\-Reduced flows of people = less tourism
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Community’s response to the risk of future earthquakes
\-Some accepted homes in new towns and suburbs (believing the risk is lower there)
\-Some worked with professional builders to create new earthquake resistant homes
\-Some criticised the government as they didn’t involve residents in decisions about rebuilding
\-Some worked with professional builders to create new earthquake resistant homes
\-Some criticised the government as they didn’t involve residents in decisions about rebuilding