APUSH 31-32 Simple IDs

Red Scare

The public panic of 1919–1920 fueled by fear of a Bolshevik revolution, leading to arrests and deportations of political radicals.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Hooded defenders of Anglo-Saxon and Protestant values who opposed immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans.

National Origins Act (Immigration Act of 1924)

Restrictive immigration law that sharply reduced immigration and discriminated against southern and eastern Europeans.

Cultural pluralism

The belief that immigrants should preserve their cultural traditions rather than assimilate completely.

Prohibition

National policy created by the Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol, which led to bootlegging and organized crime.

Scopes Trial

Legal battle over the teaching of evolution that pitted modern science against Fundamentalist religion.

Model T

Henry Ford’s inexpensive, durable, mass-produced automobile.

The Birth of a Nation

D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film about Reconstruction that glorified the Ku Klux Klan and provoked protests by African Americans.

Radio

Consumer product of the 1920s that encouraged people to stay at home rather than go out for entertainment.

Birth control movement

Movement led by Margaret Sanger that promoted contraception and changed sexual behavior for women.

Jazz

Syncopated musical style created by African Americans that gained national popularity in the 1920s.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Marcus Garvey’s organization that promoted Black pride and African resettlement.

American Mercury

H. L. Mencken’s magazine that attacked traditional morals, Puritanism, and middle-class values.

This Side of Paradise

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s first novel that celebrated youth and defined the Jazz Age.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement centered in Harlem that celebrated African American art, literature, and music.

Mitchell Palmer

U.S. attorney general who led the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian American anarchists whose trial and execution sparked worldwide protest.

Al Capone

Chicago gangster of the 1920s convicted of income-tax evasion.

John Dewey

Influential philosopher and advocate of progressive education.

William Jennings Bryan

Former presidential candidate who opposed evolution at the Scopes Trial.

Henry Ford

Innovator who revolutionized automobile production through mass manufacturing.

Bruce Barton

Advertising executive who portrayed Jesus as a businessman in The Man Nobody Knows.

Langston Hughes

Harlem Renaissance poet and author of The Weary Blues.

Charles A. Lindbergh

Aviator who became a national hero after his solo transatlantic flight.

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican-born Black nationalist leader who promoted racial pride.

Randolph Bourne

Intellectual who argued for cultural pluralism and a transnational America.

H. L. Mencken

Social critic who attacked American moral hypocrisy and conformity.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Novelist whose works captured the spirit of the Jazz Age.

Ernest Hemingway

Writer whose novels expressed postwar disillusionment.

Gertrude Stein

Experimental writer whose Paris salon supported American artists and writers.

Ohio Gang

Poker‑playing political cronies from Harding’s home state who fostered corruption in his administration

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital

Supreme Court case that removed women’s workplace protections and overturned the minimum‑wage law for women

American Legion

WWI veterans’ group promoting patriotism, conservatism, and benefits for former servicemen

Five‑Power Naval Treaty

Washington Conference agreement setting a 5:5:3 battleship ratio among the U.S., Britain, and Japan

Kellogg‑Briand Pact

1928 international agreement that outlawed war but lacked enforcement

Teapot Dome

Wyoming naval oil reserve at the center of a major Harding‑era bribery scandal

McNary‑Haugen Bill

Farm‑relief plan for federal purchase of surpluses, vetoed twice by Coolidge

Dawes Plan

U.S.-engineered plan to reschedule German reparations and enable American loans to Germany

Hoovercrats

Southern Democrats who rejected Al Smith and voted Republican in 1928

Hawley‑Smoot Tariff

1930 tariff that raised rates to record levels and worsened the global depression

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the worst day of the stock‑market crash

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns of the homeless during the Depression, named after President Hoover

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Hoover agency providing loans to banks, railroads, and businesses

Bonus Army

WWI veterans’ encampment expelled from Washington by MacArthur in 1932

Manchuria

Chinese province invaded and occupied by Japan in 1931–1932

Warren G. Harding

Weak‑willed president whose easygoing nature enabled corruption

Charles Evans Hughes

Strong‑minded secretary of state who led major naval agreements

Andrew Mellon

Wealthy industrialist and conservative treasury secretary of the 1920s

Henry Sinclair

Oilman who bribed officials in the Teapot Dome scandal

John Davis

Compromise Democratic presidential candidate in 1924

Albert B. Fall

Interior secretary convicted for taking bribes in Teapot Dome

Harry Daugherty

Harding’s attorney general and corrupt Ohio Gang member forced to resign

Calvin Coolidge

Tight‑lipped, frugal, pro‑business president

Robert La Follette

Progressive third‑party leader with limited support outside farm regions

Herbert Hoover

Secretary of commerce turned president whose reputation collapsed in the Depression

Al Smith

“Happy Warrior” Democratic candidate who appealed to cities but lost the South

Black Tuesday

Worst single day of the 1929 stock‑market crash

Charles Dawes

Negotiator of the Dawes Plan and Coolidge’s vice president

Douglas MacArthur

General who forcefully removed the Bonus Army from Washington

Henry Stimson

Hoover’s secretary of state who pushed for sanctions against Japan after Manchuria