IBC Biology Final Exam Study Guide

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the IBC Biology Final Exam Study Guide.

Cell

The basic unit of life.

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Four classes of macromolecules in cells.

ATP

The molecule that stores energy in cells to drive energetically unfavorable reactions.

Polar, Nonpolar, Acidic, Basic

Different classes of amino acids that affect protein folding.

Peptide Bonds

How amino acids are linked to form polypeptides.

Hydrophobic interactions, Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulfide bridges

The forces that determine protein shape.

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

The four levels of protein structure.

glycerol and three fatty acids

The components of a triglyceride

Lipid bilayer

Describes the lowest energy state of phospholipids in water.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Model that describes the cell membrane.

Lipid composition and proteins

Factors that affect membrane fluidity.

Prokaryote

Cell type without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes

Organelles of the endomembrane system.

Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, Actin filaments

Components of the cytoskeleton.

Small, nonpolar molecules

Can travel through lipid bilayers.

Transporters cause a change in the protien shape and channels do not.

Key features of transporters and channels.

Active

• Simple Diffusion:

  Movement of small, nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer, driven by the concentration gradient. 

Simple Diffusion

Na+/K+ Transporter

Transporter maintains a concentration gradient.

Reception, Transduction, Response

Stages of cell signaling.

Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, Direct Contact

Types of cell signaling.

• Phosphorylation: Addition of a phosphate group (by a kinase) changes the protein’s shape by introducing a negative charge → can activate or inhibit the protein by altering folding or interaction sites.

• GTP binding: Binding of GTP switches the protein to an active conformation. Hydrolysis to GDP inactivates it. Common in signaling proteins like G-proteins and Ras.

How phosphorylation and GTP binding affect protein structure.

G protein-coupled receptors, Receptor tyrosine kinases, Ligand-gated ion channels, Intracellular receptors

Major types of receptors on and in cells.

G1, S, G2, M

Cell cycle phases.

G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, Mitotic checkpoint

Cell cycle checkpoints.

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Proteins that control progression through the cell cycle.

p53

Tumor suppressor mechanism.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Gene, Chromosome, Sister chromatids

Vocabulary to describe genes and chromosomes.

Ploidy, Homologous chromosomes

Concepts of ploidy and homology with respect to chromosomes.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

What happens during each phase of M-phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).

Mitotic checkpoint

Role of bioriented chromosomes.

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

The phases of meiosis.

Crossing over, Independent assortment, Random fertilization

Genetic diversity.

Aneuploidy

Impacts of nondisjunction.

Gene, Allele, Dominant, Recessive, Gamete, Genotype, Phenotype, Homozygote, Heterozygote

Vocabulary needed to discuss genetic inheritance.

Punnett square

Used to determine possible offspring.

Law of segregation

Process of meiosis explains this law.

Law of independent assortment

Genes do not influence each other when they sort into gametes.

Initiation, Promotion, Progression

Steps in the development of cancer.

Tumor suppressors, Proto-oncogenes, Oncogenes

Genes that, when mutated, contribute to cancer development.

Recombinant chromosomes

Crossing over results in these.

Polygenic trait

A trait controlled by multiple genes.

Skin pigmentation

Role of melanin in balancing vitamin D and folate.

Hershey-Chase experiment

Experimental data identifying DNA as the genetic material.

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Purine vs pyrimidine bases.

5' to 3'

Directionality of DNA and RNA.

Major and minor grooves, Hydrogen bonds, Base stacking interactions

Key features of the structure of double stranded DNA.

A/T & G/C

Pairing underlie semi-conservative replication.

Silent, Nonsense, Missense, Frameshift

Types of point mutations.

Transcription

Determine the mRNA sequence encoded by a template DNA sequence.

Rho-dependent and Rho-independent

Termination of Transcription

RNA polymerase I, RNA polymerase II, RNA polymerase III

3 main eukaryotic RNA polymerases.

5' capping, Splicing, 3' polyadenylation

3 main types of pre-mRNA processing.

Quorum sensing

Symbiotic relationship between bobtail squid and V. fischeri.

Activators and Repressors

General mechanisms of how transcription is positively and negatively regulated.

Transcriptional control, RNA processing control, Translational control, Post-translational control

Steps that gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes.

Cell fate

Cell differentiation and specialization.

Decreased gene expression

Consequences of chromatin condensation.

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Process of translation.

Golgi apparatus

Proteins are post-translationally modified.

CRISPR

Bacteria do this to protect themselves from bacteriophages.

Morula, Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula

Major stages in embryo development.

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Three germ layers in an early embryo.

Specialization

Process of cell differentiation.

Stem cell transplant for blood cancers/disorders

Hematopoietic is used as a treatment.

Pluripotent to differentiate into any cell type

Potential of embryonic stem cells.

Enzyme binds substrate

EA.

Competitive-binds to same site as substrate, noncompetitive-binds to different site, alters enzyme shape

Compare competitive vs noncompetitive inhibition.

Catabolic-breakdown molecules, anabolic-build molecules

Catabolic vs anabolic reactions.

Glycolysis-cytoplasm, fermentation-cytoplasm, citric acid cycle-mitochondrial matrix, oxidative phosphorylation-inner mitochondrial membrane

Locations of glycolysis, fermentation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Aerobically-presence of oxygen, anaerobically-absence of oxygen

What drives metabolism aerobically vs anaerobically.

Regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis

Rational of fermentation.

Thylakoid membrane

Photosynthesis happens in a chloroplast