Chapter 3: The Development of Greek Society and Culture

Aristotle

________ thought that everything had a purpose, so that to know something, one also had to know its function.

Minoans

________ appear to have worshipped goddesses far more than gods.

Sexual desire

________ and procreation were both important aspects of life, but ancient Greeks did not necessarily link them.

Ancient Greeks

________ and Romans believed that the Trojan War was a real event embellished by poetic retelling, but by the modern era most people regarded it as a myth.

Zeus

________ was the king of the gods and the most powerful of them, and he was married to Hera, who was also his sister.

Hippocrates

________ sought natural explanations for diseases and seems to have advocated letting nature take its course and not intervening too much.

Ionia

The Spartans fought the Persians for ________, a conflict that eventually engulfed Greece itself.

Sparta

Like ________, Athens faced pressing social, economic, and political problems during the Archaic period, but the Athenian response was far different from that of the Spartans.

Greek thinkers

________, based in Ionia, are called the Pre- Socratics because their rational efforts preceded those of the Athenian.

Aeschylus

Like ________, Sophocles, and Euripides, Aristophanes used his art to dramatize his ideas on the right conduct of the citizen and the value of the polis.

Mycenaean Greeks

________ joined the migrating Sea Peoples and probably settled in Canaan.

Same sex relations

________ did not mean that people did not marry, for Athenians saw the continuation of the family line as essential.

Athens

Pericles persuaded the Athenians to pass a law that excluded the Megarians from trading with ________ and its empire, a restriction that would have meant economic disaster for the Megarians.

Bronze Age Collapse

The ________ led to the widespread and prolonged movement of Greek peoples, both within Greece itself and beyond.

Greeks

The ________ had epics, poetic tales of legendary heroes and of the times when people believed the gods still walked the earth.

Legislation

________ was in the hands of two bodies, the boule, or council, composed of five hundred members, and the ecclesia, the assembly of all citizens.

Poleis

________ developed from Dark Age towns, which were centers of administration, trade, and religion.

Hoplites

________ wore bronze helmets and leather and bronze body armor, which they purchased themselves.

Plato

________ developed the theory that there are two worlds: the impermanent, changing world that we know through our senses, and the eternal, unchanging realm of "forms "that constitute the essence of true reality.

important religious festivals

The Greeks did not eat much meat, but on special occasions, such as ________, the family ate the animal sacrificed to the god.

Herakles

________ (or Hercules, as the Romans called him) the son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene, was the most popular of the Greek heroes.

Spartan invasion

During the first ________ of Attica, which began in 431 b.c.e., cramped conditions within the walls of Athens nurtured a dreadful plague that killed huge numbers, eventually claiming Pericles himself.

Delian League

The ________ was intended to be a free alliance under the leadership of Athens, but as the Athenians drove the Persians out of the Aegean, they also became increasingly imperialistic.

Cleisthenes

________ created the deme (deem), a unit of land that kept the roll of citizens, or demos, within its jurisdiction.

patriotic parades

The polis administered cults and festivals, and everyone was expected to participate in what were events similar to todays ________ or ceremonies.

Tyrants

________ generally came to power by using their wealth or by negotiating to win a political following that toppled the existing legal government.

Athenian drama

Conflict was a constant element in ________, and playwrights used their art in attempts to portray, understand, and resolve lifes basic conflicts.

Hesiod

________ made the gods the focus of his poem, the Theogony.

drunken excess

Processions, festivals, and sacrifices offered to the gods were frequently occasions for people to meet together socially, times of cheer or even ________.

Socrates

________ was viewed with suspicion by many because he challenged the traditional beliefs and values of Athens.

social advancement

Although oligarchy was the government of the prosperous, it left the door open to political and ________.

Platos idealism

________ profoundly shaped Western philosophy, but Aristotle came to have an even wider influence; for many centuries in Europe, the authority of Aristotles ideas was second only to the Bibles.

Democracy

________ translates as "the power of the people "but was actually rule by citizens, not the people as a whole.

Drama

________ was as rooted in the life of the polis as were the architecture and sculpture of the Acropolis.

Greek democracy

________ did not reflect the modern concept that all people are created equal, but it did permit male citizens to share equally in determining the diplomatic and military policies of the polis, without respect to wealth.

Greek life

Both the Olympic and the Pythian games were unifying factors in ________, bringing Greeks together culturally as well as religiously.

civic virtues of dedication

Along with the emphasis on military values for both sexes, the Spartan system served to instill in society the ________ to the state and a code of moral conduct.

last Athenian fleet

Spartan forces destroyed the ________ at the Battle of Aegospotami, after which the Spartans blockaded Athens until it was starved into submission.

Sicily

The disaster in ________ ushered in the final phase of the war, which was marked by three major developments: the renewal of war between Athens and Sparta, Persias intervention in the war, and the revolt of many Athenian subjects.

Minoan society

________ was disrupted by a series of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on nearby islands, some of which resulted in large tsunamis.

Olympia

The festivities at ________ included athletic contests that have inspired the modern Olympic games.

Slavery

________ was commonplace in Greece, as it was throughout the ancient world.

Mycenaean economy

The ________ was marked by an extensive division of labor, and at the bottom of the social scale were male and female slaves.

Athenian aristocrat

Draco, a(n) ________, under pressure from small landholders and with the consent of the nobles, published the first law code of the Athenian polis.

Peloponnesian War

The ________ lasted a generation and brought in its wake disease, famine, civil wars, widespread destruction, and huge loss of life.

Peace of Nicias

The ________ resulted in a cold war.

Aegean Sea

Hellas, as the Greeks still call their land, encompassed the Greek peninsula, the islands of the ________, and the lands bordering the Aegean, an area known as the Aegean basin.

gynaeceum women

In the ________ oversaw domestic slaves and hired labor, and together with servants and friends worked wool into cloth.

Pythian games

The ________ at Delphi were also held every four years and emphasized musical and literary contests as well as athletic prowess.

Homers Odyssey

________ recounts the adventures of Odysseus, a wise and fearless hero of the war at Troy, during his ten- year voyage home.