proped credit 1

write basic clinical examination methods

inspection

palpetetion

percrussion

cuscultation

what is history

anamnesis

Reference range of breathing rate in cattle is

10-30

we usually examine pulse rate of dog on

femoral artery

write places of examination of skin elasticity

neck

sholder back

sheep: upper eyelid

primary lesions are

macula, visicula, pustula

Lymph node i goat

prescapular

prefemoral

mammary

1 more (scrotal)

write 2 breeds of brachyocephalic dog

pug

tibetian spanial

write classification of breath sound

breathing sound over nasal cavity

luryngial breah sound

trachea breathing

over thorax

abnormal patological breath sound isnt

eructation

lung border horse

16 ics- 11ics

what is positive venous pulse

in which intercostal space do we usually examine haert in cattle

4-6 icss

what is FIRDA

riquency

intensity

rythm

demarcution

adventitius sound

describe P wave og ECG

write classification of endocardial murmurs

organic murmus - diasolic and systolic

INORGANIC murmurs

reference range of breathing horse

8-16

which sighs of heart beat do you examine

where are the puncta maxima in cattle

typical signs of hypotermia are

types consistency

hard

elastic

doughy

haert percussion in horse

which signs of paranasal cavities do you examine

lung of dog

range of pulse horse

8-16

noral capllary refill time

1-2 s

general status include

behaviour

posture

nutritional state

signalment include

which signs examin on skin

lymph node examination

which types of arrythmias of heart do we reveal by ECG

parameters of breathing do you examine

Rate, Rhythm type depth

symmetry of thoracic wall movments, dyspoea

puncta maxima horse

abnormal patological breathing sound

crackle

special examination methods

RTG

ECG

ultrasound

endoscopy

labrascopy

examine pulse rate horse

facial artery

examine cattle

mandibular

prescapular

prefemoral

mammary

retropharyngeal

secondery lesions

•scurf

•erosions: 

•excoriation:

•ulcer

•crust (scab)

•scar: 

wart:

eupnoe and ration between inspiration and expiration in cattle

eupnoe - normal physiological breathing rythmic

cattle 1:1,2

Disease

inability to perform physiological functions at normal levels even though nutrition and other environmental requirements are provided at adequate levels

PROPEDEUTICS

basic methods of clinical examination and  examination of the symptoms of the disease and its classification by origin and interdependencies – semiotics (symptomatology)

SYNDROME

-

PATHOGNOMIC  SYNDROME

a group of symptoms which occur at a certain disease

-

typical syndrome for each particular disease

COMPLETE DIAGNOSIS

should include three parts

1. the specific cause

2. the abnormality of structure or function produced by the causative agent, and which is inimical to normal processes

3. the clinical manifestation of that abnormality produced by causative agent

Types of restrain

physical

mechanical

chemical

phychological

percussion sounds

resonant – the sound emitted by organs containing air (normal lungs)

tympanic – drum-like sound emitted by an organ containing gas under pressure (rumen or caecum)

dull – solid organs (heart or liver)

principal auscultatory sounds

quality – characteristic for each system

location – anatomical position

frequency – normal / increased / decreased / stopped

intensity – normal / increased / decreased / extinct

Age on cow

at 3 years of age first premolar teeth fall out

age on horse

Dog age

tartar on teeth

General status of animal

behaviour / general appearance

•   -2.   coma – recumbency with unconsciousness

•   -1.   dull – sluggish reactions, apathetic 

•    0.   bright – normal responses to external stimuli

•   1.   excited – increased responsiveness

•   2.   restlessness – more intensive locomotion

•   3.   mania – vigorous abnormal movements

•   4.   frenzy – dangerous abnormal locomotion (attack)

posture

• regular – physiological posture – anatomically dependent

• irregular

nutritional state (body condition)

• very poor –

• poor –

• average –

• good –

• excellent –

• obesity –

EXAMINATION OF TPR

breathing rate per minute

• insepction

• auscultation

pulse rate per minute

body temperature at least per minute

palpetation of arteries in animals + range

horse

cattle

dog

cat

pig

sheep

goat

60 sek

horse — 32 - 40

cow — 50 - 70

sheep — 70 - 80

goat — 70 - 90

pig — 60 - 80

dog — 70 - 90

cat — 110 - 130

Temperature of animals

horse

cattle

dog

cat

pig

sheep

goat

horse — 37.5 - 38

cow — 37.5 - 39

sheep — 38.5 - 40

goat — 38.5 - 40.5

pig — 38 - 40

dog — 37.5 - 38.5

cat — 38 - 39.5

breathing range

horse — 8 -16

cow —10 - 30

sheep— 12 - 30

goat— 12 - 30

pig — 10 - 28

dog — 10 - 30

cat — 20 - 40

Palpebral fissure

eyelids + eyeball = gap between eyelids

exophtalmos

Eyeball

•size

•position

direction of the visual axis

sclera

colour

surface

Iris

•colour

•pigment pattern

•shape

•reaction of the pupil

VISIBLE MUCOUS MEMBRANES

•palpebral conjunctiva

•nasal mucous membrane

•mucous membrane of  oral cavity

•mucous membrane of the vagina

                or prepuce 

wow lymph nodes

lymph in animal

paranasal sinuses

•Maxillary

•Frontal

•Ethmoidal

•Sphenopalatine

Examination:

• Inspection

• Palpation

• Percussion

• Auscultation

• Radiography

Larynx - trachea

Examination:

•Inspection

•Palpation

•Auscultation

•Endoscopy

Palpation of the thorax

To detect:

•Fractured ribs

•Wounds

•Subcutaneous emphysema/oedema

•Thoracic pain

Sound has three principal characteristic

•Frequency

•Intensity

•Duration

Types of air flow and sounds produced

laminar

turbulent

Evaluation of the breath sounds

•Acoustic characteristics

•Timing in the respiratory cycle

•Anatomical location of adventitious sounds

•Areas of absence of sounds

Abnormal breath sounds

–Discontinuous sounds – crackles

• short

• Non-musical

• Interrupted

–Continuous sounds – wheezes

• Continuous

• Whistling

• Musical

• Squeking

Horse lung

cow lung

Dog lungs

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Tachycardia

• over 70 in resting adult cattle

• over 100 in young cattle

• over 120 per minute in calves

• at the heart rates over 120 - 140 a minute the second heart sound becomes practically inaudible: lublublub

bradycardia

• less than 50 per minute

Rhythm

• regular

• irregular

Valves in animals

EXAMINATION OF PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1) Inspection

2) Examination of arteries

3) Examination of capillaries

4) Examination of veins

Examination of arteries

frequency

rhythm

quality

EXAMINATION OF CAPILLARIES

vessels of the eye

• fullness

• colour

• extent

Palpation - capillary refill time

• normal: 1 – 2 seconds

• dehydration: 2 – 4 seconds

• severe dehydration, heart weakness, shock: 5 – 6 seconds

Heart location

location against the chest inside the left elbow at the:

horse: 3rd to 6th intercostal space

cow: 3rd or 4th intercostal space

dog: 4th or 5th intercostal space

Percussion of the heart D

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY – ECG

electrocardiograph provides a time / distance recording of the changes in electrical potential generated in the heart – it evaluates the electrical activity of animal´s heart

ECG can determine the rate, rhythm and nature of cardiac depolarization and repolarization

ECG is the curve traced by an electrocardiograph. Also called cardiogram .

placement in dog

2 forelimbs and left hindlimb, an additional electrode may be placed on right hindlimb

colour coding system of  electrodes

1. Nyellow (positive) – left forelimb

2. red (negative) – right forelimb

3. green – left hindlimb

4. black – right hindlimb

NO CHEMICAL RESTRAIN - can change ECG

the P PR QRS T- wave

the P PR QRS T- wave part 2

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM = P Q R S T

P wave - excitation (depolarization) spreading from sinoatrial node and causing contraction of the atria

in the horse, ox and dog,it is positive and sometimes it may be diphasic

P interval corresponds to the time taken for depolarization of the ventricles to occur and is followed by QRS (ventricular) complex

Q wave - small and negative

R wave - more pronounced and positive

S wave - negative, similar Q

T wave – positive, isoelectric period that follows QRS complex  representing repolarization of the myocardium during the last stages of ventricular systole

Characteristics of normal sinus rhythm

• rate 50–70 beats per minute

• rhythm regular

• P wave normal

• PR interval

• QRS  complex

• T wave

• duration of one cycle is 1.5 s

Heart blocks diagnosis (3)

incomplete heart block:

• extended P-R interval, irregular failure of ventricles - absent QRS complex

almost complete heart block:

• P waves more frequently than irregular QRS complex

complete heart block:

• rapid P waves - atrial flutter, continuous sequence of small modulation in atrial fibrilation

What wave does:

Hypercalcemia +Hypocalcemia

What wave does:

collapsed trachea

Ultrasound colours

Liquid is black 

Solid airless tissues white