Exam One Flashcards

Percentage of the U.S. Population that Uses Some Type of Drug on a Regular Basis

88%

Drug

a chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the functioning of the body in some way, excluding nutrients considered to be related to normal body functioning

Problems with Defining Drugs

gray areas (allergic reactions)

issues of intent (using in food vs. experiment)

Why Defining Drugs is Important

regulation

safety testing

Chemical Name

molecular structure of the drug

useful for chemists

Generic Name

a given company does not have rights to it

often given by a government board

can be different in different countries

Trade Name/Brand Name/Proprietary Name

patent name

start with capital letters

come from the marketing team and often sound like what the drug does

used so companies can make back what they spent in drug development

Similarities Between Generic and Brand Name Drugs

active ingredient

strength and dosage

Differences Between Generic and Brand Name Drugs

brand name costs more

generic covered by insurance if available and brand name covered is no generic is available

inactive ingreadients

size, shape, and packaging

Slang Terms/Street Names

other names used to refer to drugs

vary across time. location, and population

one drug may have many

Psychoactive Drugs

a class of drugs that affect how your nervous system works

affect mood, thoughts, behaviors, perceptions

Illegal Drugs

drugs restricted by law

Illicit Drugs

drugs forbidden by laws, rules, or customs but not necessarily illegal

Recreational Drugs

drugs used for nonmedical reasons

may be legal or illegal

Difficulties in Classifying Drugs

drug used for multiple different things

drug has multiple types of origins

drug has multiple pharmacological effects

drug has different effects based on dosage, timing, and person

drug does not fit into existing frameworks

Endogenous

within us

chemicals naturally found in out bodies

Natural

derived from living organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria)

often plant purified in the lab

most cannot be patented but some can

basis for about 50% of drugs on the market

Synthetic

often chemically altered form of purified natural drugs

able to be patented

Tax Stamps

how the government used to regulate drugs

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970)

classified drugs into schedules (I-V) based on abuse potential, medical value, addictive liability, and safety

Schedule I

most restricted under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

lack of accepted safety for use even under medical supervision

Schedule V

least restricted under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

less potential for abuse than drugs in higher schedules

abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence

has a currently accepted medical use in the U.S.

Pharmacognosy

going out in nature and looking for things that could be used in drugs

Designer Drugs

drugs produced by a minor modification in the chemical structure of an existing drug, resulting in a new substance with similar pharmacological effects

sometimes has additional effects

regulated since 1988

often avoids classification of illegal and/or detection on standard drug tests

MPTP

designer drug that was supposed to be a synthetic form of heroine

the recipe was messed up

gave people Parkinson’s disease (sometimes late stage with no movement)

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs

readily available to the public without prescription

widely tested because of this and were often prescription first

Dietary Supplements

no FDA requirements for testing for efficacy or safety

cannot claim to diagnose, treat, or cure anything

Patent Medicines

contained a drug we consider illegal today

common in the late 1800s and early 1900s

contents were often not labeled

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

said that products had to have their contents labeled

people stopped taking things when they saw what was in them

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)

gave authority to the FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics

Dr. Frances Kelsey

prevented Thalidomide from being available in the U.S. because she was concerned about the animal test data

Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962)

requires drug manufacturers to prove the effectiveness of their drugs through adequate and well-controlled studies

Accelerated Approval for Drugs

used for harmful conditions (high mortality and morbidity) that there is no current drug to treat

started with AIDS drugs

Rare Disease

disease that less than 200,000 people suffer from

Orphan Drugs

drugs for rare diseases

companies have incentives to make them

Orphan Drug Act (1983)

companies that create drugs for rare diseases can get tax breaks or longer patents for the drugs so they can make more money on it