Studied by 0 peopleWhat happens to stereopsis with age?
decreases
Stereoacuity thresholds typically become increasingly elevated beyond the age of ______________
50 years
The amplitude of accommodation decreases ____________ with age.
linearly
Convergence ability does what with age?
stays the same
When there is a reduction in accommodation that is symptomatic, resulting in blur, the patient is said to have what condition?
presbyopia
the ability to accommodate ___________ with age.
decreases
Symptoms of Presbyopia are typically first noticed at what age?
mid 40s
One factor that contributes to presbyopia is ___________________
decreased elasticity of the lens capsule
When the ciliary muscle constricts, it releases tension on the lens _______ and capsule, allowing the lens to bulge anteriorly.
zonules
Presbyopia can be treated with what kind of lenses?
Convex (plus) lenses that compensate for the loss of near diotropic power
How does astigmatism change as a person ages?
increasing diotropic power in horizontal meridian
a shift from WTR astig --> ATR astig
How should older patients be educated by their eye doctor?
educate patients about:
-expected changes over time in vision
-the manner in which these changes can affect ADL
-proper use of lighting
Ocular media becomes less clear with age and causes what 2 things?
increasing light scatter
reducing contrast
Visual acuity is __________ important than contrast sensitivity in everyday activities
less
Retinal illuminance decreases with age as _________________ decreases.
pupil size (miosis)
T or F: Normal aging can lead to degraded visual function without ocular pathology
True
The elderly tend to adopt a more ____________ response criterion in psychophysical measurements than younger observers.
conservative
As people age, there is a ___________ in the rate of dark adaptation and an ________ in absolute threshold.
decrease in dark adaptation
increase in absolute threshold
Visual acuity ________ with normal aging.
decreases
Spatial contrast sensitivity declines with age at what 2 spatial frequencies?
intermediate and high spatial frequencies
How do visual fields change with age?
become smaller
How does peripheral sensitivity change with age?
decreases with age
Sensitivity to temporally modulated stimuli does what with age?
declines with age
UFOV
useful field of view
-test of visual attention that is a psychophysical assessment of visual function in elderly
Older drivers have disproportionately more accidents and citations than ______________
middle age drivers
The number of people older than 65 years increased by a factor of _____ between 1900 and 1997.
11
The number of people older than 65 years old is expected to double again by 2030 to become __________________ people.
72 million
The rate of growth in the population 85 years and older is
even greater than 65 and older
In 2019, about 16.5% of American population is was 65 years or older; it is expected to reach ____% by 2050.
22%
In 1950, only _____% of population was over 65 years.
8%
Changes in visual function that occur with aging can be seconday to _________________, or can occur in the absence of disease in healthy eyes.
ocular disease
How does vision development and change across lifespan?
infancy and childhood- rapidly enhance visual functions
mid-adulthood: stable
elderly: slow degradation
What 3 things reduce contrast and retinal illuminance?
1.increased light scatter
increased absorption by ocular media
decreased pupil diameter (miosis)
Overtime, what happens to the lens with old age?
-it becomes thicker and hardens such that accommodation is no longer possible
-yellows and may develop opacities
How do photoreceptors change with old age?
-gradual loss of photoreceptors
-decrease in optical density of photopigments
-less responsive to light
What happens to foveal cone density with old age?
density decreases
What happens to the visual pathways and cortex as someone ages?
cell loss and changes in neurotransmitters
Dark adaptation changes how with old age?
increase in absolute threshold, decrease in rate of dark adaptation
Resolution acuity changes how after 60 years of age?
decreases
The spatial CSF _________ at intermediate and high spatial frequencies.
decreases
How does temporal contrast sensitivity changes how with old age?
no change
Visual fields become how with age?
smaller
Normal aging can lead to degraded visual function that must be distinguished from the effects of _____________
pathology
Ocular diseases and their associated vision losses are much more prevalent in ______________adults.
older
Why is it sometimes hard to distinguish between normal aging and early pathology?
because the measurement variability increases with age, bc people age at different rates
Any anatomical and physiological change observed in an older eye, if MINOR, may be considered to be due to _____________
normal aging
The presence of some pigmentary mottling and a few drusen is common in the retina of ___________________
older individuals and could be considered a result of normal aging
When presence of pigmentary mottling and drusen are more pronounced and accompanied with acuity loss, they are considered to be ________________-
age-related macular degeneration
Activities of daily living
The basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.
-it is important to ensure patients visual needs are met to perform these activities
the ocular media becomes less clear with age, which causes what 2 things?
increased light scatter
reduced contrast
Most significant age-related changes occur in the crystalline lens, which include?
increased diameter and thickness
Hardens
Increases in optical density, and accumulates more light absorbing pigmentation
If the lens undergoes some noticeable opacification, it is an early sign of what?
cataracts
As pigmentation in the crytalline lens increases, the absorption of light by the lens becomes _________________-
wavelength dependent
The lens of the neonate's eye is _______________ to all visible wavelengths.
transparent
In the older eye, absorption of light is greatest for what kind of light?
short-wavelength light (violet and blue)
In the older eye, absorption is worse in what kind of wavelengths of light?
intermediate and short
What produces progressive yellowing of crystalline lens throughout life?
absorption of short-wavelength light (blue and violet)
By what time frame is the yellowing of the lens noticeable?
3rd decade of life
Loss of short-wavelength sensitivity can have a dramatic impact on color vision and cause what type of defects?
blue-yellow (tritan)
What anatomically can occur to the photoreceptors with age?
-loss of photoreceptors
-reduction in photopigment density
-misalignment or improper oritentation of cones outer segments
-resting membrane potential may decrease
-decrease in level of neurotransmitters
Possible postreceptor mechanisms for age-related loss include reduced receptor pooling due to
-reduced convergence onto bipolar cells
-ganglion cell loss
-decreased response amplitude of neurons
-decreased levels of retinal neurotransmitters
-cortical cell loss
-decrease in levels of cortical neurotransmitters
Psychophysical measurements
tests that rely on an observer's subjective response of what is seen or not seen
-many elderly are reluctant to say that they detect a target unless they are very sure
Younger observers are much more likely to ______________ on a psychophysical visual test.
guess or push for a lower line; older individuals have to be pushed
It is critical that older adults be ____________ to read a lower line on a visual acuity chart.
encouraged
By using a forced-choice procedure, it is typically found that stimuli can be detected or discriminated at levels ______________- than the thresholds found by regular VA.
far lower
Many early studies that reported an age-related decline in vision may have ___________ the amount of sensory loss due to age.
overestimated
Transmission of light changes how with age?
decreases with age
cataract causes what 2 things?
1.decreased vision
changes in refractive error
Syneresis
vitreous liquifying ; causes reflections of light (patient may notice as floaters)
Yellowing of the lens causes more light absorption of what kind of light?
short-wavelength light-->elderly have a harder time detecting blue/white light
What type of color vision mistakes are elderly more likely to make?
Tritan (blue/yellow defects)
Note
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