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Bantu-speaking Peoples
Spread their linguistic influences across the African continent (hundreds of languages from Bantu linguistic group spoken in Africa presently).
Created innovations such as ironworking and agriculture.
King Ezana (Aksum)
Under his leadership, Aksum was established as the first African society to convert to Christianity.
His military acquisitions helped increase the territory and influence of Aksum.
Nok Society
Holds the title of the first iron-working society.
The meticulousness of Nok sculptures and their potential themes (wisdom, solemnity, etc.) reveal the sophistication of the Nok society.
Sundiata Keita (Mande)
Conquered Ghana and established the Mali Empire in 1240.
Gained control of the gold mines, contributing to the Mali Empire’s economic prosperity.
Shona (Kings)
Influenced agricultural advancements in the Kingdom of Zimbabwe by trading the Kingdom’s cattle on the Swahili Coast.
The architectural feats and military defenses of Great Zimbabwe display the autonomy of the Shona kings.
Mansa Musa
Under his leadership, the Mali Empire flourished as he established the empire as center for trade, learning, and cultural exchange.
His lavish pilgrimage to Mecca and his wealth brought global attention to the Mali Empire.
Griots
Preserved history through oral traditions, such as the Epic of Sundiata which maintains the history of the Mande community.
Also served as praise singers, employing instruments such as the balafon, kora, the khalam (or xalam), the ngoni, the kontigi, and the goje.
King Nzinga a Nkuwu (João I)
Under his leadership, the Kingdom of Kongo adopted Christianity.
Helped strengthen Kongo’s trade relationship with Portugal, contributing to the kingdom’s economic prosperity.
Nzinga Mbemba (Alfonso I)
Helped his father convert the Kingdom of Kongo to Roman Catholicism.
Wrote a letter to Portuguese King João III, urging an end to the slave trade.
Queen Idia of Benin
Contributed to Benin’s military accomplishments through her spiritual abilities and medicinal knowledge.
Regarded as a great influence on her son Esigie’s success as the ruler of Benin.
Queen Njinga of Ndongo-Matamba
Helped maintain Matamba’s independence by participating in guerilla warfare against the Portuguese.
Her success as a leader resulted in the reign of many other women rulers in Matamba in the following century.
João de Sá Panasco
An African Portuguese knight of the Order of Saint James.
Represented the wide variety of roles held by Africans in urban Iberian port cities.
Ladinos
Free and enslaved Africans who traveled with Europeans on their explorations of the Americas.
They had a sense of social mobility dye to their familiarity with many languages, cultural norms, and commercial practices.
Solomon Northup
A free Black musician who was kidnapped and illegally sold into slavery.
He discussed his experience being enslaved in his narrative, Twelve Years a Slave.
Maria Stewart
An African American teacher, journalist, and abolitionist.
Advocated for the end to slavery and specifically spoke to the experience of African American women and their rights.
Toussaint L’Ouverture
A key figure in the Haitian Revolution.
He was formerly enslaved in Haiti and later led a successful slave revolt which freed the enslaved people in the French colony of Saint Domingue, Haiti.
Queen Njinga
Leader of Matamba and Ndongo.
Her success as a military and political leader led to nearly a century more of women leaders in Matamba.
Paul Cuffee
Supported emigrationism and was a supporter of Black nationalism.
He played a key role in helping previously enslaved Africans emigrate to Sierra Leone.
Creoles
Ladinos were a generation known as Atlantic Creoles.
Atlantic Creoles had a familiarity with many languages, cultural norms, and commercial practices, which gave them some sense of social mobility.
Francis Ellen Watkins Harper
African American abolitionist, suffragist, and poet.
She was one of the first African American women to be published in the U.S.
Frederick Douglass
A prominent abolitionist and writer.
In the 19th-century, he became the most photographed man.
Maroons
Formerly enslaved people and people who were born free who created autonomous spaces for themselves.
Maintained their autonomy and political sovereignty through military defense.
Escravo
An enslaved person who arrived in Brazil as a child.
Most likely arrived around the time of the collapse of the Oyo Empire.
Martin Delaney
Emigrationist and abolitionist who embraced Black nationalism.
One of the first African Americans to publish a novel and became the first Black field officer in the U.S. army.
Juan Garrido
A free man who became the first known African who arrived in North America.
Explored present-day Florida during a Spanish expedition and maintained his freedom by serving in the Spanish military forces.
Gullah
An African American ethnic group who resided on the coast of South Carolina.
Their language was the Gullah language, which was employed by enslaved people to maintain linguistic traditions.
Henry Highland Garnett
Supporter of African American emigration.
Helped establish the Cuban Anti-Slavery Society in New York (1872) and was appointed U.S. minister to Liberia after the Civil War.
Charles Deslondes
Led around 500 enslaved people in the largest slave revolt in the U.S., the Louisiana Revolt of 1811.
Led the people from local plantations and maroon communities on a march toward New Orleans.
Cherokee
One of the five major nations of the Indigenous community.
The Cherokee people, along with other Indigenous nations, enslaved African Americans.
Harriet Tubman
One of the most prominent conductors of the Underground Railroad who helped around 80 African Americans achieve freedom.
Photos of her were critical to demonstrating Black achievement and potential.
Phillis Wheatley
African American author.
The first African American to publish a book of poetry.
Dred Scott
Sued for his freedom.
His Supreme Court case resulted in the declaration that enslaved people were not and could never become U.S. citizens.
Paul Lawerence Dunbar
An African American poet and novelist.
One of his most prominent poems was “We Wear the Mask.”
Madison Washington
An enslaved cook aboard the slave brig, Creole.
Led a mutiny aboard this slave ship, which was transporting people from Virginia to New Orleans.
Creek
Among the 5 large nations of the Indigenous community who enslaved African Americans.
Creek economy relied heavily on corn, bean, and squash production.
Sojouner Truth
Went on speaking tours to spread the cause of abolitionism and recruited Black soldiers to the Union army.
Photos of her displayed the centrality of Black women’s leadership in the fight for freedom.
Scipio Moorehead
An enslaved African painter.
Created the first known individual portrait of an African American, Philis Wheatly.
Elizabeth Key
Had a White father and an enslaved Black mother.
She became the first Black woman in North America to successfully sue for her freedom.
David Drake
An enslaved potter in South Carolina who defied bans on literacy.
Practiced creative expression by exercised creative expression by writing poems on the jars he created on many topics, it including love, family, spirituality, and slavery.
Palenques and Quilombos
Palenques were the name of Maroon communities in Spanish America.
In Brazil, these communities were known as Quilombos. The Quilombo dos Palmares, the largest maroon society in Brazil, lasted nearly 100 years.
Choctaw
One of the 5 large nations of the Indigenous community who enslaved African Americans.
Choctaw freedmen advocated for their rights as tribal citizens, leading to the Arkansas Petition for Freedmen’s Rights, 1869.
Harriet Jacobs
African-American abolitionist and writer.
Wrote Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl in 1861.
Willie Cole
A contemporary artist who repurposed the iconography of slave ships to honor those who were transported in the Mid Atlantic slave trade.
Used an everyday object (an iron) to symbolize the history of his ancestors in his art piece, Stowage.
Nat Turner
Led the Southampton Insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831.
This was the deadliest slave revolt in U.S. history.
Francisco Menéndez
An enslaved Senegambian who fought against the English in the Yamasee War.
Found refuge in Saint Augustine.
Bayano
Captured from the Yoruba community in West Africa.
Led a maroon community in wars against the Spanish for several years in Panama in the 16th century.
Chickasaw
One of the 5 large nations of the Indigenous community who enslaved African Americans.
Along with the Choctaw, Chickasaw freedmen advocated for their rights as tribal citizens, but were unsuccessful.
Thomas Jefferson
American Founding Father who served as the 3rd U.S. president.
In a letter to Rufus King in 1802, he expressed the desire of other leaders to exile the enslaved people who resisted to Africa.
Sengbe Pieh Joseph Cinqúe
A Mende captive from Sierra Leone.
Led a group of enslaved people on one of the most famous revolts aboard a slave ship (the Amistad).
Denmark Vesey
A free Black and community leader in Charleston, South Carolina.
Was accused and convicted of planning a substantial slave revolt in 1822.
Jemmy
An enslaved man from the Angola region.
Led nearly 100 enslaved Africans on a march toward Spanish Florida (Stono Rebellion).
Queen Nanny
Led a community of formerly enslaved Africans known as the Windward Maroons.
Led maroons in Jamaica in the wars against the English in the 18th century.
Seminole
Some maroons found refuge among the Seminoles in Florida and were welcomed as family.
Later on, the Seminole adopted slave codes and assisted in the recapture of enslaved Black people who fled for freedom.
Wallace Willis
A contemporary artist who repurposed the iconography of slave ships to honor those who were transported in the Mid Atlantic slave trade.
Used an everyday object (an iron) to symbolize the history of his ancestors in his art piece, Stowage.
Nat Turner
Led the Southampton Insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia in August 1831.
This was the deadliest slave revolt in U.S. history.
Francisco Menéndez
An enslaved Senegambian who fought against the English in the Yamasee War.
Found refuge in Saint Augustine.
Bayano
Captured from the Yoruba community in West Africa.
Led a maroon community in wars against the Spanish for several years in Panama in the 16th century.
Chickasaw
One of the 5 large nations of the Indigenous community who enslaved African Americans.
Along with the Choctaw, Chickasaw freedmen advocated for their rights as tribal citizens but were unsuccessful.
Thomas Jefferson
American Founding Father who served as the 3rd U.S. president.
In a letter to Rufus King in 1802, he expressed the desire of other leaders to exile the enslaved people who resisted to Africa.
Sengbe Pieh Joseph Cinqúe
A Mende captive from Sierra Leone.
Led a group of enslaved people on one of the most famous revolts aboard a slave ship (the Amistad).
Denmark Vesey
A free Black and community leader in Charleston, South Carolina.
Was accused and convicted of planning a substantial slave revolt in 1822.
Jemmy
An enslaved man from the Angola region.
Led nearly 100 enslaved Africans on a march toward Spanish Florida (Stono Rebellion).
Queen Nanny
Led a community of formerly enslaved Africans known as the Windward Maroons.
Led maroons in Jamaica in the wars against the English in the 18th century.
Seminole
Some maroons found refuge among the Seminoles in Florida and were welcomed as family.
Later on, the Seminole adopted slave codes and assisted in the recapture of enslaved Black people who fled for freedom.
Wallace Willis
A formerly enslaved Black person in Choctaw territory in Mississippi who was displaced to Oklahoma territory during the Trail of Tears.
Documented and composed “Steal Away.”
Hiram R. Revels
First African American to serve in either house of the U.S. Congress.
In addition to his political leadership, he was a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
John R. Lynch
The first African American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives.
The only African American to represent Mississippi in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Ida B. Wells
- An African American journalist, civil rights advocate, and feminist active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Her writings raised awareness about how lynching terrorized African Americans and prevented them from progressing.
Booker T. Washington
- Advocated for industrial education and training to contribute to African Americans’ economic progress and independence.
- Debated methods for Black advancement with W.E.B. Du Bois, who furthered a civil rights agenda.
William Wilberforce
- A British politician who advocated for the abolishment of the slave trade in the parliament.
- Helped found the Anti-Slavery Society in 1787.
Carter G. Woodson
- Son of formerly enslaved people, founded the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH).
- Created Negro History Week, which later became Black History Month.
James T. Rapier
- Founded Alabama’s first Black-owned newspaper.
- Alabama’s second Black representative.
Union General William T. Sherman
- Issued Special Field Orders No. 15 in 1865.
- This redistributed around 400,000 acres of land between South Carolina and Florida to newly freed African American families in segments of 40 acres.
Claude McKay
- A Jamaican poet who was a prominent figure in the Harlem Renaissance.
- Through his writings, he sought to encourage African Americans to preserve their dignity and fight back against racial violence.
Nannie Helen Borroughs
- Daughter of enslaved people and an educator, suffragist, and church leader.
- Helped create the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.
Alain Locke
- An African American writer, philosopher, and educator who was the first African American Rhodes scholar in 1907.
- In The New Negro: An Interpretation, he encouraged young Black artists to reject being the sole representative of a race.
Jacob Lawrence
- An African American painter whose work depicted historical moments, social issues, and the everyday lives of African Americans.
- Created The Migration Series to display African Americans’ hopes and challenges during the Great Migration.
Blanche K. Bruce
- He was born enslaved.
- The first African American elected to serve a full term in the U.S. Senate.
Andrew Johnson
- 17th U.S. President (1865 - 1869)
- Revoked Special Field Orders No. 15 → African Americans evicted or shifted into sharecropping contracts.
James Weldon Johnson
- An African American writer and activist who coined the term “Red Summer.”
- Wrote “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” which is often referred to as the Black National Anthem.
Anna Julia Cooper
- The daughter of an enslaved woman and her enslaver.
- Her writings detailed the mistreatment of Black women and brought attention to how U.S. historical narratives exclude the voices of Black women.
Marcus Garvey
- A Pan-Africanist who founded UNIA.
- Encouraged African Americans to embrace their shared African heritage and achieve industrial, political, and educational progress and self-determination through separatist Black institutions.
Joseph H. Rainey
- Born enslaved, the first African American to serve in the House of Representatives.
- The longest-serving Black lawmaker in Congress during Reconstruction.
Ray W. Logan
- A Pan-Africanist and African-American historian.
- Studied the post-Reconstruction period, who characterized this period as “the nadir.”
W.E.B. Dubois
- In The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois presented the metaphor of the “color line” to refer to the racial discrimination and segregation in the U.S. even after slavery.
- Used photography to show what “the New Negro” looked like at the Paris Exhibition in 1900.
Madame C.J. Walker
- The first woman millionaire in the U.S.
- An African American entrepreneur who created products that highlighted the beauty of Black people.
James Vanderzee
- An African American photographer who reshaped peoples’ views of African Americans by displaying what the “New Negro” looked like.
- His photographs highlighted the liberated spirit, beauty, and dignity of Black people.
Langston Hughes
- An African American poet and social activist.
- His work was critical to connceting the New Negro, négritude, and negrismo movements as he translated works from French and Spanish to English and vice versa.
Wilfredo Lam
An Afro-Cuban artist who was a leading artists of the negrismo periods.
His painting: “The Jungle” (1943) represents the legacies of slavery and colonicalism in Cuba.
A. Phillip Randolph
President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
Directed the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
John Lewis
President of the SNCC.
His prominent speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom advocated for the urgency of civil rights.
Pauli Murray
A pioneering lawyer.
Her denial from Harvard law for being a woman developed guidelines for desegregation regarded as critical to Brown v. Board of Education.
Aime Cesaire
A significant proponent of négritude and negrismo.
He coined the term négritude in French.
Lois Mailou Jones
Created Les Fétiches in 1938, conveying the strength, beauty, and proytection in African ancestral heritage.
Worked as an illustartor for some of the first Black history magazines published by W.E.B. Du Bois and Carter G. Woodson.
Martin Luther King Jr.
President of SCLC.
Advocated for nonviolent direct resistance inspired by Christian principles and the work of Gandhi.
Roy Wilkins
President of NAACP.
Participated in Selma-to-Montgomery marches in 1965.
Fannie Lou Hamer
Emphasized racial and gender discrimination during the Black Freedom movement.
Co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to counter the local Democratic Party's attempts at blocking Black participation (1964).
Frantz Fanon
A prominent advocate of négritude and negrismo.
An Afro-Caribbean psychiatrist whose works are significant to post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Co-founder of the NAACP.
A journalist whose works advocated for an end to lynching.
Ella Baker
Often regarded as the “mother of the civil rights movement” due to her influences in the NAACP, the SCLC, and the SNCC.
Advocated for group-centered leadership rather than leader-centered groups in the civil rights movement.
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