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What are elements?
Pure substances that are the primary constituents of matter, which cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances
What units do elements exist as?
Atoms and Molecules
What are compounds?
Differently elements that are bonded together in a fixed ratio, whose properties are unique from those of its individual elements
What units do compounds exist as?
Molecules
What are mixtures?
Combinations of multiple elements/compounds that are not chemically bonded or in a fixed ratio
How would you separate a mixture of water and alcohol?
Distillation
How would you separate pigments of a black ink?
Chromatography
How would you separate impurities from aspirin?
Recrystallization
What is dissolution and how does it help separate mixtures?
The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent, which separates the solute from other insoluble materials in the mixture.
What does each letter stand for in this structure of a nuclear symbol? - XZA
X is the chemical’s symbol, A is the mass #, Z is the atomic number (proton number), and N is the neutron number
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Describe how the properties of isotopes differ from each other
Their physical properties change (mass, density) but their chemical properties stay the same
What are extensive properties and some examples?
Properties that depend on the amount of matter present (mass, heat)
What are intensive properties?
Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter (density, temperature)
What is chromatography?
A technique used to separate the components of a mixture based on their relative attractions - involving intermolecular forces to substances called mobile/stationary phases
How do you calculate the Retardation Factor in a chromotography experiment?
Distance by Pigment (Dp) / Distance by Solvent (Ds)
Why would a gas be detectable across the room faster than another gas?
The first gas has a smaller particle mass, allowing them to be moved across the room with less resistance
Describe how the molecules of solids, gases, and liquids differ
Solid: Molecules have vibrational movement in 3 dimensions
Liquid: Molecules are able to move freely in limited volume
Gas: Molecules can move freely without interaction
What are examples of state of matter transitions that occur over a range of temperatures?
Evaporating, freezing, boiling, melting
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