Chemistry Structure 1: Models of the Particulate Nature of Matter

What are elements?

What are elements?

Pure substances that are the primary constituents of matter, which cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances

What units do elements exist as?

Atoms and Molecules

What are compounds?

Differently elements that are bonded together in a fixed ratio, whose properties are unique from those of its individual elements

What units do compounds exist as?

Molecules

What are mixtures?

Combinations of multiple elements/compounds that are not chemically bonded or in a fixed ratio

How would you separate a mixture of water and alcohol?

Distillation

How would you separate pigments of a black ink?

Chromatography

How would you separate impurities from aspirin?

Recrystallization

What is dissolution and how does it help separate mixtures?

The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent, which separates the solute from other insoluble materials in the mixture.

What does each letter stand for in this structure of a nuclear symbol? - X_Z^A

X is the chemical’s symbol, A is the mass #, Z is the atomic number (proton number), and N is the neutron number

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Describe how the properties of isotopes differ from each other

Their physical properties change (mass, density) but their chemical properties stay the same

What are extensive properties and some examples?

Properties that depend on the amount of matter present (mass, heat)

What are intensive properties?

Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter (density, temperature)

What is chromatography?

A technique used to separate the components of a mixture based on their relative attractions of intermolecular forces to substances called mobile/stationary phases

How do you calculate the Retardation Factor in a chromotography experiment?

Distance by Pigment (D_p) / Distance by Solvent (D_s)

Why would a gas be detectable across the room faster than another gas?

The first gas has a smaller particle mass, allowing them to be moved across the room with less resistance

Describe how the molecules of solids, gases, and liquids differ

Solid: Molecules have vibrational movement in 3 dimensions
Liquid: Molecules are able to move freely in limited volume
Gas: Molecules can move freely without interaction

What is an example of a state of matter transition that occurs over a range of temperatures?

Evaporation

Describe the relative positions of the S, P, D, F blocks on the periodic table.

S-block is on the left, D-block is in the middle, P-block is on the right, F-block is on the bottom

How do you calculate the energy level in the D-block?

Period # - 1

How do you calculate the energy level in the F-block?

Period # - 2

What is the difference between the shape of S-orbitals and P-orbitals?

S-orbitals are spherical, P-orbitals are dumbbell shaped

How many orbitals do the S, P, D, F blocks have, in order?

1, 3, 5, 7

Which groups are exceptions when it comes their electron configurations? Why?

Group 6 and Group 11 because D-blocks tend to be more stable when they are half-filled or full

What does a Continuous Emission Spectrum look like?

A continuous rainbow gradient

What does an Emission Line Spectrum look like? What produces it?

Lines of color on top of a black background produced by hot gases

What does an Absorption Line Spectrum look like? What produces it?

Black lines on top of a rainbow gradient produced by cold gases

Does the energy level increase or decrease as you go up the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum?

Increase

Which level of the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum can you find Ultraviolet Light, Visible Light, and Infrared Light?

1, 2, 3

What happens to the distance between lines as energy levels increase on the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum?

They decrease

How many kPa in 1Pa?

1000

How many cm³ in 1 dm³?

1000

What does Boyle’s law state?

At constant temperature, tthe pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

What does Charle’s law state?

At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportion to its temperature

What does Avogadro’s law state?

At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas has a direct relationship with the number of gas particles present

If two different gases are under constant temperature and pressure, what is the same about them?

Volume, Particles

What is STP and volume at STP?

273K, 100kPa (1 atm), 22.7dm³

If two different gases are under constant temperature and pressure, what is different about them?

Mass

What are the four statements of Ideal Gas Theory?

1. Ideal gases have negligible volume

2. There are no intermolecular forces between particles

3. Collisions between particles are elastic, and particles are perfect spheres

4. Ideal gas particles move in constant random motions

When are gases closest to being Ideal gases? When are they further from being Ideal?

Closest at high temperature and low pressure, furthest at low temperature and high pressure

Put the 7 types of electromagnetic radiation in order from highest to lowest energy.

Gamma Rays, X Rays, UV Rays, Visible Light, Infrared Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves