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Training
The systematic, repeated performance of structured exercise sessions over a period of time, with a specific goal.
Undertraining
A failure to provide adequate stimulation to the body by training too infrequently.
Overtraining
Occurs when an athlete attempts to do more training than they are able to physically or mentally handle over a prolonged period.
Overreaching
When an athlete places too much stress on their body that is beyond their current limit of tolerance, but only for a short period of time.
Principles of training programme design
Key concepts including progression, overload, specificity, reversibility, variety, and periodization for effective training planning.
Progression
Gradually increasing the amount of exercise, intensity, duration, and resistance to continue improving performance.
Overload
A purposeful increase in training stimulus to stress physiological systems positively for long-term changes.
Specificity
Using appropriate methods and types of exercise that match the goals of a sporting activity for optimal fitness improvement.
Periodization
A structured approach to training that involves phases designed to peak performance at specific times.
Recovery
The process where athletes need adequate time to recover from training and competition, including rest, sleep, and proper nutrition.
Menstrual cycle
The natural cycle in females where hormonal fluctuations can impact exercise performance and training considerations.
Glycogen sparing
The process of preserving glycogen stores in the body during exercise, potentially influenced by hormonal changes.
High responders
Individuals who show exceptionally large positive responses to training stimuli.
Non-responders
Individuals who show little to no response to training interventions.
Genes
Units of heredity that influence traits and characteristics, including performance-related factors.
Overtraining Syndrome (OTS)
The eventual outcome of prolonged overtraining, which can lead to significant performance decrement and recovery difficulties.
Markers for OTS
Indicators such as fatigue, chronic muscle soreness, sleep disturbances, and reduced immune function that help diagnose overtraining syndrome.
