A&P Chapter 2

acid

compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

activation energy

amount of energy > than energy contained in the reactants, must be overcome for a reaction

adenosine triphosphate

ATP, nucleotide, ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate groups, essential in energy transfer

amino acid

building block of proteins, amino (NH2), carboxyl, R group, C, H

only 20

amino means nitrogen containing

anion

atom with negative charge

atom

smallest unit of element that retains unique properties of said element

atomic number

number of protons

base

compound that releases OH- ions in solution

bond

electrical force linking atoms

buffer

solution w/ weak acid and base that opposes large fluctuations in pH of body fluids

carbohydrate

sugars, CHO, 1-2-1

catalyst

substance that increases rate of chemical reaction without being changed itself

cation

atom with positive charge

chemical energy

form of energy absorbed as chemical bonds form

colloid

liquid mixture where solute particles have clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light, milk

compound

2+ different elements joined by chemical bonds

concentration

number of particles in given space

covalent bond

chemical bond where 2 atoms share electrons

decomposition reaction

catabolic reaction, 1+ bonds within larger molecule are broken

denaturation

change in structure of molecule, usually heat or pH

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA, nucleotide storing genetic information, minus one oxygen

disaccharide

2 carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis with a glycosidic bond

disulfide bond

covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur containing amino acids

electron

particle having negative charge, no mass

electron shell

area of space a given distance from atom nucleus

element

substance that cannot be created or broken down chemically ordinarily

enzyme

protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions

exchange reaction

chemical reaction where bonds are both formed and broken

functional group

group of atoms w strong covalent bonds, behaves as distinct unit in chemical reactions

1. hydroxyl, OH, polar

2. carboxyl, COOH

3. amino, NH₂

4. methyl, CH₃

5. phosphate, PO₄

hydrogen bond

dipole dipole bond where H atom covalently bonded to electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom

inorganic compound

substance that is missing either C or H

ion

atom with positive or negative charge

ionic bond

attraction between anion and cation

isotope

variation of element where number of neutrons differ

lipid

nonpolar organic compound, made of hydrocarbons, not soluble in water

macromolecule

large molecule made by covalent bonding

mass number

sum of protons and neutrons

matter

something with space and mass

molecule

2+ atoms covalently bonded

monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrate, simple sugar

neutron

heavy particle, no charge

nucleotide

organic compound, 1+ phosphate groups, pentose sugar, base, CHONP

turned into nucleic acid, DNA or RNA

organic compound

substance with C and H

peptide bond

covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

pH

negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

phospholipid

lipid compound where a phosphate group is combined w a diglyceride
polar head, nonpolar tails

phosphorylation

addition of 1+ phosphate groups to organic compound

polar molecule

molecule w regions that have opposite charges, hydrophilic

polysaccharide

compound consisting of 3+ carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis, glycosidic bonds

product

1+ substances produced by chemical reaction

prostaglandin

lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains, important in regulating body processes, signaling molecule
must have a methyl group

protein

polymer of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds, CHON(S)

proton

heavy subatomic particle, positive

purine

nitrogen containing base with double ring, adenine and guanine

pyrimidine

nitrogen containing base with singe ring, thiamine and uracil

radioactive isotope

unstable, heavy isotope, gives off subatomic particles as it decays

reactant

1+ substances that enter into the reaction

ribonucleic acid

RNA, ribose containing nucleotide, manifests genetic code as protein

solution

homogeneous liquid mixture which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent, saltwater

steroid

lipid compound composed of 4 hydrocarbon rings, bonded to variety of other atoms and molecules

most important = cholesterol, building block of many hormones

substrate

reactant in enzymatic reaction

suspension

liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time, muddy water

synthesis reaction

anabolic reaction, 2+ atoms or molecules bond

triglyceride

lipid compound composed of glycerol molecule boned with 3 fatty acid chains, most common lipid group

functions of water in body

1. lubricant and cushion

   1. in joints, pleural fluid, digestive tract

2. heat sink, absorbs and dissipates, does not take in

3. component of liquid mixtures

electrolyte

1. dissolves in water

2. forms ions

3. conducts electricity

4. Na+ and Cl-

carboxyl

COOH, protein and lipid

hydroxyl

OH, any

carbon loves covalent

carbon loves covalent

transcription

DNA —> mRNA

translation

mRNA to tRNA

instructions for ribosomes to make proteins