Biology Ch. 32 - Integumentary System

epidermis

The outer superficial layer of skin, which contains keratin and melanin.

inner epidermal layer

The layer of the skin that continually divides by mitosis to replace cells that are lost from the skin's surface.

muscles

contract causing hair and skin to stand up and form a goose bump.

Vitamin D

made when skin is exposed to ultraviolet light, and is important in bone formation.

first degree burn

damage to skin is characterized by redness, mild discomfort, and the death of only epidermal cells.

compact bone

The part of the bone labeled A

spongy bone

The part of the bone labeled B

cartilage

The part of the bone labeled C

marrow cavity

The part of the bone labeled D

red bone marrow

produces red and white blood cells and platelets.

hinge joint

An elbow is an example of this type of joint

ball-and-socket joint

A shoulder is an example of this type of joint

sprain

caused when a ligament is damaged due to twisting or overstretching.

muscles under conscious control

skeletal muscle

muscles under unconscious control

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

skeletal muscles

are arranged in opposing, or antagonistic pairs. When one contracts, the other relaxes.

weight lifters have

more fast-twitch muscles

long distance runners have

more slow-twitch muscles

oxygen

limits ATP available for muscle contraction during strenuous activity.

sarcomere

The part of the muscle that contracts.

melanin

A pigment that absorbs sunlight to protect the cells.

types of skin tissues

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue.

cardiac muscle

Muscles arranged in a network with efficient and rhythmic contractions.

actin and myosin

Protein filaments that make up myofibrils.

appendicular skeleton

includes bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet.

sebaceous gland

produces oil

Osteoblasts

the cells responsible for the growth and repair of bones.

sequence for vitamin production in skin

exposure to sun--vitamin D production--absorption of calcium

axial skeleton

includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

sliding filament theory

Nerve signals cause actin filaments to move while myosin remains still.