Cross-cultural psychology of health and illness - begrippen uit samenvatting | Quizlet

culture

any idea, belief, technique, habit or practice acquired through social learning of others in shared context

nonuniversal

The fourth, and lowest, level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool does not exist in all cultures and can be considered a cultural invention.

existential universal

The second level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures, although the tool is not necessarily used to solve the same problems across cultures, nor is it equally accessible across cultures.

functional universal

The third level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures and is used to solve the same problem across cultures, but is more accessible to people from some cultures than others.

accessibility universal

The last and highest level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures, and is accessible to the same degree across cultures.

WEIRD societies

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

color-blind approach

Differences between groups are ignored and it is assumed that everyone is the same

multicultural approach

Focussing and respecting group differences

ethnocentrism

judging other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture

proximate causes

Immediate environmental events and conditions that affect behaviour

distal causes

small differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations

evoked culture

a way of considering culture that concentrates on phenomena that are triggered in different ways by different environmental conditions and the behaviour is tied to the environmental context

transmitted culture

the notion that people learn about particular cultural practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them and take it with them when they move

flynn effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years

pluralistic ignorance

the tendency of people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that explain the behaviour of others

response bias

people respond differntly than they actually think

socially desirable responding

giving answers on a survey (or other self-report measure) that make one look better than one really is

moderacy bias

tendency to choose numbers toward midpoint of scale

extremity bias

some individuals tend to use extremes when responding to questions

acquiescence bias

a tendency for respondents to agree with all or most questions asked of them in a survey

reference group effect

a tendency for people to evaluate themselves by comparing themselves with others from their own culture

deprivation effect

a tendency for people to value something more when it is lacking in their culture

incremental theory of the self

a view of the self in which a person's abilities and traits are flexible and can be improved

entity theory of the self

aspects of the self are largely resistant to change

acculturation

the process of people migrating to a culture that is different from the culture of origin where they have to learn the new culture

cultural distance

the difference between two cultures overall

cultural fit

the degree to which an individual's personality is compatible with the dominant values of the host culture

integration strategy

an acculturation strategy that involves attempts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture

marginalization strategy

involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture or maintain the traditions of the heritage culture

assimilation strategy

involves an attempt to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture

seperation strategy

an acculturation strategy that involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture

identity denial

when an individual is not recognized as a member of a cultural group because they are not recognized as matching the prototype

stereotype threat

fear about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's cultural group

blending

people mingle between their two cultures

frame-switching

the tendency for bicultural people to switch between different cultural selves

integrative complexity

a willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue

downward social comparison

comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

compensatory self-reinforcement

acknowledging the poor performance that you have delevired but immediately starting to think about something in which you do perform well

discounting setbacks

reducing the perceived importance of the domain on which you have performed poorly

external attribution

attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or situation in the environment

basking in reflected glory

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one's group

endownment effect

when ownership increases the value of an item

primary control

trying to shape existing realities in accordance with own perception, goals or wishes; internal locus of control

secondary control

an effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions; external locus of control

taxonomic categorization

the grouping of items by their similarity to one another

thematic categorization

the grouping of items based on their relationships with one another

analytic thinking

focus on objects and their attributes independent of the context

holistic thinking

looking to the context as a whole; paying attention to the relationships between objects and between objects and the context

field indepence

seperate objects from the background

field dependence

see objects connected to the background

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

naive dialectism

high acceptance of contradiction. East Asians have this.

Whorfian hypothesis

the theory that the language we learn influences how we think; linguistic relativity

ritualized displays/expressions

facial expressions that are expressed in some cultures but not in others

facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

ideal effect

the kinds of emotional states that a person ideally wants to feel

propinguity effect

people will become friends with others sooner when they met them often

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure increases liking/finding attractive

similarity-attraction effect

people tend to be attracted to those who are most like themselves

communal sharing

a type of relational structure in which the members of a group emphasize their common identity, and each have the same rights and privileges

authority ranking

a type of relational structure in which people are linearly ordered along a hierarchical social dimension in which higher ranking people have prestige and privileges while those ranking lower do not

equality matching

a type of relational structure based on the idea of balance and reciprocity in which people keep track of what is exchanged, and they are motivated to pay back what has been exchanged in equivalent turns

market pricing

a form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in, often money for a good