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marxism
insists that all are ultimately political
marxism
purpose of changing the world
marxist theory
marxism, or
karl marx and friedrich engels
proponents of marxism
the philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it
marx’s quote
marxism as to culture
focuses on the production, as well as consumption and reception
production, consumption and reception
marxism as to culture focuses on the _____, as well as _____ and _____
primitive communism, socialism/communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism
modes of production (5)
modes of production
refers to the different ways societies have organized themselves to produce the things they need to survive
marx (1976)
as _____ (__) explains, “the mode of production of material life conditions the social, political, and intellectual life process in general
mode of production
as marx (1976) explains, “the _____ of material life conditions the social, political, and intellectual life process in general
social, political, and intellectual
as marx (1976) explains, “the mode of production of material life conditions the _____, _____, and _____ life process in general
slaves
don’t have any personal freedom and are considered the property of their masters
slaves. masters
in slave societies, most of the work are done by _____ who are owned by _____
feudal
in _____ societies, the main relationship is between lords and peasants
lords and peasants
in feudal societies, the main relationship is between _____ and _____
peasants
work on the land owned by the lords
peasants
receive protection and a portion of the produce in return of working the land
capitalist
in _____ societies, the main relationship is between employers and employees
employers and employees
in capitalist societies, the main relationship is between _____ and _____
labor for wages
people sell their _____ for _____ in a market economy
means of production
the _____, like factories and businesses, are owned by capitalists who aim to make a profit
market economy
people sell their labor for wages in a _____
capitalists
the means of production like factories and businesses are owned by _____ who aim to make a profit
marxist
a classical _____ approach to studying popular culture says that to truly understand a cultural work, you need to look at the time and place it was made and how economic systems shaped it
time and place. economic systems
a classical marxist approach to studying popular culture says that to truly understand a cultural work, you need to look at the _____ it was made and how _____ shaped it
Industrial Revolution
example: how factories and cities grew during the _____
working class
example: Industrial Revolution created a _____ audience with free time and money to attend shows
catering. new audience
example: how theater owners and produced aimed to make profits by _____ to this _____
classical marxism
can sometimes oversimplify things
economics
classical marxism can sometimes oversimplify things by acting like only _____ matter
passive reflection
classical marxism might treat culture as a _____ “_____” of the economy
classical marxism
might treat culture as a passive “reflection” of the economy
classical marxism
might ignore tother factors like artistic creativity, traditions, or how audiences actually experienced the performances
marxists
insists that economic forces are essential to understanding culture
understanding culture
marxists insists that economic forces are essential to _____
economic forces
marxists insists that _____ are essential to understanding culture
reduce
a good analysis shouldn’t _____ culture to just economics
good analysis
a _____ shouldn’t reduce culture to just economics
economics
a good analysis shouldn’t reduce culture to just _____
interact
Instead, it should show how economics _____ with other factors like artistic traditions or audience tastes
Theodor Adorno (1991)
coined the term culture industry to designate the products and processes of mass culture (1/2)
Malcolm Arnold (2009)
had worried that popular culture represented a threat to cultural and social authority (1/2)
Max Horkheimer (1978)
coined the term culture industry to designate the products and processes of mass culture (2/2)
F.R. Leavis (2009)
had worried that popular culture represented a threat to cultural and social authority (2/2)
Theodor Adorno (1991) and Max Horkheimer (1978)
they coined the term culture industry to designate the products and processes of mass culture (2)
Malcolm Arnold (2009) and F.R. Leavis (2009)
they had worried that popular culture represented a threat to cultural and social authority
homogeneity and predictability
The products of culture industry, they claim, are marked by two factors: (2)
Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Leo Lowenthal
Frankfurt school
unique
authentic =
commercialization
commodification =
commodification
devalues uniqueness
uniqueness
commodification devalues
authentic
unique =
commodification
commercialization =
homogeneity/uniformity and distinguishable/different
2 features of cultural industry
