Architecture Appreciation Test 2 1013 - Briar Jones

"Dead" Load

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, etc)

"Live" Load

forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc)

Compression

capacity to resist being pushed together

Tension

capacity to resist being pulled apart

Post & Beam/Lintel

1. wood beam, steel cupping post

2. steel beam, welded steel post

3. 2 steel beams welded together

Frame

wood

steel (tall buildings; light weights; thin walls; take veneers of brick, stone, stucco, etc)

Masonry

brick

concrete

stone (heavy, thick walls, costly (today), good insulation)

Freedom Tower

David Childs, FAIA (SOM), & Lubscilm

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some Megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

circle of stones

Trabeation

post & lintel

Stonehenge

most famous Neolithic monument

built 3000 BC - 2100 BC

tops of stones/columns - mortise and tenon

3 Types of Pyramids

1. step - Saqqara: Doser's Step Pyramid

2. bent - Sneferu's South Pyramid; Dahshur, Egypt

3. straight - Cheops' Pyramid; Giza, Egypt

Ziggurat

stepped structure (mud brick)

some of oldest pyramids (2125 BC)

7 Wonders of the Ancient World

1. Great Pyramid

2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon

3. Temple of Artemis @ Ephesus (Fire)

4. Statue of Zeus (Fire)

5. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Earthquake)

6. Lighthouse of Alexandria (Earthquake)

7. Colossus of Rhodes (Earthquake)

First Recorded Architect

Imhotep

- born a commoner

- b/t 2700-2600 BC Zoser hired Imhotep to design his tomb

- "translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, & reeds into stone

- also an astronomer, magician, & doctor

- later worshiped as a god

Pyramids of Giza - 2550 BC

Cheops - "Great Pyramid"

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

first tomb built into mountain; help stop looters

Hypostyle Halls

large space w/ flat roof supported by rows of columns (ex: Temple of Luxor & Temple of Amun @ Karnak)

When was the Egyptian revival?

mid 19th century

Pyramids in Central America

used as temples

ziggurats

often added onto over time (new temple over old)

Minoans in the Aegean

Palace @ Knossos

Mycenae

Lion Gate, precursor to Greek Arch (forerunner to post & lintel)

sense of structure was inheritance from Neolithic Period

lion element from Egypt

Greek will refine post & lintel

Greek Architecture

united by language

founded on: private property, individual freedom (less than 35% weren't slaves), democracy

Colonnade

series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature & usually 1 side of a roof structure

Why were temples built?

housed gods

impress non-Greeks (vivid color, floral design)

what are the 3 Orders?

Doric Order-oldest, simplest, most massive

Ionic Order-"feminine", ionian islands developed it

Corinthian Order-variation of Ionic order

Metope

any of the panels, either decorated or plain, b/t the triglyph on a Doric frieze

Triglyph

1 of the vertical blocks separating the metopes on a Doric frieze

Doric Order

columns placed close, no base

plain capitals

metopes & triglyph

perfection of Doric - Parthenon

Ionic Order

smaller buildings & interiors

recognizable by capital

perfection of Ionic - Temple of Athena Nike

Corinthian Order

different capital from Ionic (leaves)

found on interiors

Entasis

slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle

Acropolis

Athens, Greece; 448-432 BC

Agora

the marketplace in ancient Greece

Carytids

a sculptured female used as a column

Atlas

sculpted male figure used as a column

Tuscan Order

unlike Doric, supports an entablature w/ no decoration (wooden temple w/ pitched roof)

Composite Order

Ionic and Corinthian; roman innovation

Greeks

objects in landscape (balance harmony refinement of form not structure) post and beam

Romans

made space(images in context), the arch, vault, dome, concrete

Barrel Vault

extending an arch along its depth

Groin vault

2 intersecting barrel vaults in 4 directions, used in huge interiors (gyms and baths)

Pont Du Gard

Nimes, France (20-16 BC)

Maison Carree

Nimes, France (10 ACE)

Concrete

volcanic ash, lime ash, sand, water, and gravel

Coliseum in Rome

completed around 80 ACE, seats 50k, orders differ by levels

Pilaster

column in wall

Circus Maximus

seated 250k; precursor to NASCAR

Pantheon (125 CE)

double pediment, oculus, built under Hadrian (117-138 ACE)

Pediment

triangle shape over colonnade

Portico

a colonnade space forming an entrance or vestibule

Constantine I (306-337 ACE)

Edict of Milan (313) - proclaimed tolerance of all religions which gave Christians authority to build churches

Early Christian Churches

Basilica Plan

Pendentives

curved triangular panels which hold the load of a dome

Hagia Sophia

built by Justine

Byzantium

new Roman capital

changed to Constantinople (Constantine I)

now Istanbul, Turkey

St. Miniato al Monte

Florence, Italy (1062-90)

Pisa Cathedral & Campanile

Pisa, Italy 1063, 1089-1272

Gothic Architecture

structure is also ornament (like Greeks)

not thick walls; use buttresses @ 90 degree to take collected pressures of ribbed vault and arch

Ribbed Groin Vault

groin vault + pointed arch

Pointed Arch

signals gothic architecture/style

Buttresses & Pinnacles

How does English gothic architecture differ from French gothic architecture?

English is more rectangular (churches)

Notre Dame de Paris (1163-1250)

Chartres Cathedral (1130-1260)

Apse

semi circular projection, containing an altar

Transept

2 arms in a "Latin cross" plan

Nave

space beyond transept crossing toward west/"front" of church

Choir

where monks sit