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Primary Source
An original, firsthand document created during a specific time period.
Secondary Source
A document that analyzes a specific event based on a primary source.
Complex Societies
Societies placed near rivers that took advantage of food sources and the ability to grow crops, e.g., Mesopotamia in the Indus Valley.
World’s 3 biggest Religions
Generally includes Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.
Four Characteristics of a Country
Population, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty.
Sovereignty
The ability to be independent.
Absolute Monarchy
A form of government where a single ruler has complete power.
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government where power is shared with an elected legislature.
Indian Ocean Trade
A network of maritime routes connecting regions around the Indian Ocean, facilitating trade of goods like silk and gunpowder.
Caliph
A title used for a leader in the Muslim Community, e.g., Abbasid Caliphate.
Ibn Battu
A famous Muslim traveler and scholar who documented the diversity of the Islamic World.
Swahili
Refers to Bantu-speaking people or their language; central to the cultural identity of East Africa.
Great Zimbabwe
An ancient archaeological site in present-day Zimbabwe that prospered due to control of trade routes for gold and ivory.
Mandate of Heaven
An ancient Chinese concept that kings used to assert their right to rule.
Mongol Empire
The largest empire in history founded by Genghis Khan, spanned from East Asia to Eastern Europe.
Chinese Emperors
Held political power and considered themselves the 'son of heaven'.
Japanese Emperors
Played a symbolic role, acting as the head of state during ceremonial duties.
Shinto
The traditional religion of Japan woven through Japanese culture.
Hangul
The native writing system of the Korean language.
Fall Of Rome
A complex collapse due to various long-term events, not a single occurrence.
Vikings
Sailors from Northern Europe who settled in various Western European regions.
Byzantine Empire
Known as the Eastern Roman Empire, established in 330 CE, with Eastern Orthodox Christianity as its main religion.
Great Schism
The division between the Roman Catholic Church (West) and Eastern Orthodox Church (East) that occurred in 1054 CE.
The Crusades
A series of religious wars initiated by the Catholic Church to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims.
Cahokia
The largest urban settlement of Native Americans located in present-day Illinois.
Teotihuacan
Referred to as the City of the Gods, it was one of the most influential cities in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.
Mayan
A prominent Mesoamerican culture known for its calendar systems and unique writing.
Polynesian Migrations
The movement of people across the Pacific Ocean, primarily in boats.
Rapa Nui
Also known as Easter Island, famous for its moai statues.
Mughal Empire
A prominent empire in the Indian Subcontinent known for religious tolerance and art such as the Taj Mahal.
Safavid Empire
A significant empire in Persian history, recognized for its Shiah Islam and the Shah Mosque.
Ming Dynasty
One of China’s most prosperous dynasties, known for its voyages led by Zheng He.
Renaissance
A transformative period in European history characterized by advancements in art and culture.
Aztec
A powerful Mesoamerican civilization known for its architecture and capital city Tenochtitlan, eventually defeated by Hernán Cortés.
Inca
The largest empire in pre-Columbian America, located near the Andes Mountains and known for polytheism.