Chapter 1 Flash Cards A&P1

What is anatomy?

Study of the form of the body (what it looks like).

What is physiology?

Study of the function of the body (what it does).

Inspection means?

Looking

Palpation means

Touching

Percussion means?

Tapping

Auscultation means?

Listening

Dissection means?

Cutting tissues to see relationships.

Comparative anatomy means?

Studying other species’ structures.

Comparative physiology means?

Studying other species’ functions.

Who is the Father of Medicine?

Hippocrates

Who said diseases have natural causes?

Aristotle

Who is the Father of Anatomy?

Vesalius

Who is the Father of Physiology?

Harvey

Who first saw and named “cells”?

Robert Hooke

Who saw bacteria, sperm, protists?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

What is a hypothesis?

A testable, falsifiable guess.

Inductive method?

Many observations → generalization.

Deductive method?

Hypothesis → test → results.

What is a control group?

Group that doesn’t get treatment.

What is a placebo?

Fake treatment.

Order of complexity?

Organism → organ system → organ → tissue → cell → organelle → molecule → atom.

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

1. Organization

2. Metabolism

3. Responsiveness

4. Movement

5. Homeostasis

6. Development

7. Reproduction

8. Evolution

Extrinsic homeostasis?

Whole‑body control (nervous + endocrine).

Intrinsic homeostasis?

Local control (autocrine + paracrine).

Autocrine?

Cell → itself.

Paracrine?

Cell → neighbor.

What does negative feedback do?

Returns body to normal (set point).

Blood pressure steps?

1. BP drops

2. Baroreceptors detect

3. Signal to medulla

4. Heart rate increases

5. BP restored

What does positive feedback do?

Amplifies a process to finish a job.

What is a gradient?

Difference between high → low.

Which way does stuff flow naturally in a gradient?

Down the gradient (high → low).

Why positive feedback doesn’t use receptor → control → effector

it’s not corrective; it amplifies the original stimulus instead of stabilizing.

Receptor (negative feedback)

Detects change (e.g., baroreceptors sensing BP drop)

integrating center (negative feedback)

Processes info + decides response (brain)

Effector (negative feedback)

Carries out corrective action (heart increases HR)