Better Bio 213w exam 1 flashcards

angiosperm

plants with enclosed seeds used for reproduction

fertilization

addition of minerals to soil including nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

chlorosis

deficiency of magnesium which is a component of chlorophyll

etiolation

plant adaptation to grow in darkness, pale stems and leaves

de etiolation

“greening” leaves turn green when exposed to light after growing in darkness

transcription factors

activates pathways that lead to gene expression

phytochrome

leads to opening of calcium channels: light detection in de etiolation

tropism

growth response that results in plants growing towards a stimulus

phototropism

growth towards light

gravitropism

growth in gravitational direction

statoliths

dense cytoplasm components that settle under the influence of gravity to lower portions of the cell

polar transport

transport is unidirectionally and is unrelated to gravity

auxin

hormone that stimulates elongation

acid growth hypothesis

1. low ph activates expansins

2. acidity increases

3. proton pump activity increases

4. cell wall loosening enzymes cleave, cross linking polysaccharides

5. sliding cellulose microfibrils allow cells to elongate

cytokinins

hormones that stimulate cytokinesis

ethylene

hormone that can thicken stems, slows stem elongation, causes curvatures, can cause senescene

senescene

controlled growth of death in certain cells

thigmotrophs

allow vines to take advantage of mechanical support

nitrification

involves bacteria to allow roots to absorb NO3-

simple diffusion

form of passive transport, does not require assistance of membrane proteins

bulk flow

movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient

self pruning

shedding of branches that are shaded or diseased

apical dominance

controls root tip so it doesnt overgrow

stele

central core of stem and root

fibrous root

secondary roots that spread out in all directions

abiotic pollination

pollination without involvement of organisms

biotic pollination

uses insects, birds, or vertebrates to transport pollen

anther

part of stamen that contains pollen

antipodal cell

sit opposite of micropyle in embryo sac

micropyle

where pollen tube penetrates

carpel

female reproductive organ of a flower

coevolution

joint evolution of two interacting species

coleoptile

sheath protecting young fruit tip

cotyledon

forms leaves after fertilization

dehiscence

splitting of an anther (mature plant structure) to dry it out and release pollen

differentiation

tissues undergo permanent change to perform a specialized cells

dormancy

seed is alive but not dead. Goes dormant to wait for right conditions to germinate

egg nucleus

undergoes double fertilization, eight nuclei in an embryo sac

embryo

gets fertilized by pollen to germinate

embryo sac

undergoes meiosis producing four haploid megaspores. What gets fertilzed

endosperm

food storing tissue of seed

epicotyl

first pair of miniature leaves

epigeal

germination takes place above the ground

eudicot

two cotyledon, taproot, vascular ring, net like veins, 4 or 5 flowers

fertilization

fusion of gametes results in diploid zygote

filament

stalk of the stamen

flower

specialized for sexual reproduction

fruit

encases seed to protect it, aids in dispersal

gene expression

determines what genes appear in a plant

generative cell

precursor that divides into two sperm cells in the developing male gametophyte

germination

process of seed maturation

gymnosperm

seeds unprotected my ovary or fruit

hypocotyl

point where cotyledons are attached to in a seed

hypogeal

germination takes place in the ground

imbibition

rapid uptake of water to break out of dormancy during germination

megaspore

germinate into a female gametophyte

meiosis

cell division in sexual reproduction: produces pollen in males and embryos in females

microspore

haploid spores that develop into male gametophytes

mitosis

cell division, gives rise to multicellular gametophytes: produces antipodal, synergerids, polar nuclei and an egg cell from a surviving megaspore

monocot

one cotyledon, fibrous root, vascular scattered, parallel veins, multiples of 3 flowers

multicellularity

consists of more than one cell

ovary

portion of carpel in which the egg containing ovules develop

petal

sterile modified leaves to attract organisms for fertilization

polar nuclei

two in an embryo sac, fuse to produce a diploid nucleus, which combines with a male nucleus to form the endosperm

pollen grain

contains male gametophytes that are necessary for fertilization

pollen tube

inserts into embryo sac to fertilize it

pollination

use of insects to carry pollen to germinate female angiosperms

radicle

embryonic root of a plant

seed

embryonic structure of a plant

seed coat

protects seed

sepal

sterile modified leaves, encloses the petals

sperm nuclei

attach to stigma of flower and send out pollen tubes

stamen

male gametophyte composed of anther and filament

stigma

sticky part of flower that captures pollen

style

stalk of carpal with ovary at base and stigma at top

synergid

two in an embryo sac near the micropyle

totipotent

totally undifferentiated, gives rise to every cell type

tube nucleus

guides growth of pollen tube as it enters micropyle

whorl

spiral pattern

zygote

fertilized egg

apical meristem

buds that form at the top of a shoot

axillary bud

buds form at stems and leaves intersection

blade

large broad flat surface of a leaf

bundle sheath cell

forms tightly packed layers around veins

cellulose

found in cells walls of plants

collenchyma

function in support, irregular thick walls

companion cell

carry out cellular function of adjacent sieve tube elements

compound leaf

contains many leaflets

cortex

unspecialized cells in center of cell for support, transports water and nutrients and stores minerals

cuticle

outer layer of plant to keep in water and used for protection

dermal tissue

outer protective layer of primary plant body

developmental plasticity

more than one developmental program for an organ or structure and environmental influence determines which will be expressed

determinate

grows flowers to a specific size

endodermis

barrier that regulates the flow of water and nutrients through the vascular system

epidermis

protective tissue

fiber cell

elongated cell for support:tapered and organized adjacent to vascular bundles

fibrous root

branching roots growing from stem

ground tissue

consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma: structural support

guard cell

open and closes stomata

internode

portion of stem between level of insertion of two succesive leaves