UNIT 1 AP WORLD

What rises out of collapse of classical civilization and interactions developing between new states?

Growth of long-distance trade

What are the major religions of the world?

Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and others.

How do belief systems impact history?

Most belief systems still impact social, political, cultural, and military developments.

What are divisions within major religions called?

Subgroups and sects.

Why is it important to understand the theological basis of belief systems?

It helps to understand their impact on various developments in society.

What is significant about the origin and spread of belief systems?

They illustrate cultural interactions throughout history.

What is religious mysticism?

Religious mysticism is a focus on mystical experiences within religions.

What practices do adherents of religious mysticism use to connect with the divine?

Prayer and meditation.

Who founded Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama

Where was Siddhartha Gautama born?

Nepal

What are the years of Siddhartha Gautama's life?

563-483 BCE

What does Buddhism reject in terms of belief?

The belief in a supreme being

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

1) All life is suffering, 2) Suffering is caused by desire, 3) It is possible to be freed of desire, 4) One can be freed of desire by following a prescribed path

What is Mahayana Buddhism known for?

Great ritual and spiritual comfort

What is a key characteristic of Theravada Buddhism?

Focus on meditation and simplicity

What does Theravada Buddhism view nirvana as?

Renunciation of consciousness and self

What social system does Buddhism reject?

The caste system

Which groups did Buddhism appeal to?

Those of lower rank

In which regions did Buddhism spread?

India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan

What religion started as a group of Jews?

Christianity

Through which regions did Christianity quickly expand?

Europe, northeastern Africa, Middle East

Who is the central figure of Christianity?

Jesus of Nazareth

What did Jesus of Nazareth claim to be?

The Messiah the Jews had awaited

What are the key teachings of Christianity?

Devotion to God and love for others

What is the foundational text of Christianity?

The Bible

According to Christianity, who created the world?

God

What belief does Christianity hold about the state of the world?

The world has fallen from God

What aspects of Christianity appealed to lower classes and women?

Compassion and grace through faith

Who founded Confucianism?

Confucius

What is the primary text that contains the thoughts and sayings of Confucius?

The Analects

What time period did Confucianism begin to influence Chinese culture?

400 BCE+

What does Confucianism primarily address?

How to restore political and social order

In which culture did Confucianism primarily remain influential?

Chinese culture

What is the primary culture associated with Hinduism?

India

What is the belief in one supreme force in Hinduism called?

Brahma

What is the ultimate goal of a believer in Hinduism?

To merge with Brahma

How many lives do Hindus believe it takes to merge with Brahma?

Multiple lives

What social system is associated with Hinduism?

Social caste system

What has the social caste system in Hinduism impacted?

Global acceptance of the religion

What are the cultures associated with Islam?

Caliphates, North Africa, Central Asia, Europe

Who presented the words of Allah in Islam?

Prophet Muhammad

What is the holy book of Islam?

The Qur'an

How is salvation achieved in Islam?

Through submission to God

Where did Islam rapidly spread?

Middle East

What is the culture associated with Judaism?

Hebrews

What is the Hebrew Bible also known as?

Torah

What significant role did God play in Judaism?

God selected a group of holy people to follow His laws and worship Him.

What are some types of content found in the Hebrew Bible?

Miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, prophecies

What is the significance of Judaism in religious history?

It is the first of the major monotheistic faiths.

What years did the Abbasid Empire exist?

750-1258 CE

What was the capital of the Abbasid Empire?

Baghdad

What was the Abbasid Empire known for in terms of arts and sciences?

It was a center for arts and sciences, including mathematics, medicine, and writings.

Who was a notable mathematician from the Abbasid Empire?

Nasir al-Din al Tusi

What library was significant in the Abbasid Empire?

House of Wisdom library

How did the Abbasid Empire facilitate trade?

They used a receipt and bill system.

What caused the decline of Islamic caliphates?

Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors

New Shia dynasty in Iran

Seljuk Turk Sunni group

Persians, Europeans, Byzantines

Most importantly Mongols - overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258

What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe?

Fall of Rome

What empire did the Eastern Roman Empire become?

Byzantine Empire

What happened to Western Europe during the Middle Ages?

Collapsed entirely

What remained strong in Western Europe during the Middle Ages?

Christianity

European feudalism

Hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

What is the role of the King in the feudalism structure?

The King had power over the whole kingdom.

What was the role of Nobles in the feudalism structure?

Nobles had power over sections of the kingdom in exchange for loyalty to the king and military service.

Who were Vassals in the feudalism structure?

Vassals were lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further.

What were estates called in the feudalism structure?

Estates were called fiefs or manors.

What was the gender dynamic regarding land ownership in feudalism?

Feudalism was male dominated; women could not own land.

Who worked the land in the feudalism structure?

Peasants or Serfs worked the land.

What rights did Peasants or Serfs have in feudalism?

Peasants or Serfs had few rights or freedoms outside of the manor.

How did skilled trades impact Peasants or Serfs in feudalism?

Skilled trades helped Peasants or Serfs break out of the feudal mode as global trade increased.

Emergence of modern countries

At end of Middle Ages, people began moving from feudal kingdom organization to linguistic and cultural organization

What happened to the reigning family of emperorship in Germany during the 13th century?

The reigning family of emperorship died out.

What is the term for the period between kings in Germany's history?

Interregnum

Who became more powerful in Germany during the 13th century?

Merchants and tradespeople

What document did English nobles force King John to sign?

Magna Carta

What did the Magna Carta reinstate?

The nobles' rights

What foundation did the Magna Carta lay the groundwork for?

Parliament

What are the two houses that Parliament was later divided into?

House of Lords and House of Commons

What conflict began in the 13th century that involved England occupying parts of France?

The Hundred Year's War

Who fought back against the English occupation in Orleans?

Joan of Arc

What was a significant consequence of England's occupation of France in the 13th century?

It spurred revolts in France.

Hundred years war

Unified France, leading to England's withdrawal from the country

Who married to unite Spain in a single monarchy?

Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

What religious policy was enforced in Spain after the unification of the monarchy?

Forced conversion to Christianity

What was the name of the religious tribunal established in Spain to enforce Christianity?

Spanish Inquisition

Who took over Russia in 1242?

The Tartars, a group of eastern Mongols under Genghis Khan.

When did Russian prince Ivan III expand his power?

In the 1400s.

What title did Ivan III hold after expanding his power?

Czar.

What years did China's Song Dynasty last?

960-1279

What ideology justified the subordination of women during the Song Dynasty?

Confucianism

What is Neo-Confucianism?

A philosophy that incorporates Buddhist ideas about the soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, and loyalty to superiors.

Foot binding

Song Dynasty practice of bounding women's feet after birth to keep them small

China's Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Took over China again after brief period of Mongol dominance

China's zen practice

meditation and appreciation of beauty

Japan

relatively isolated from external influences outside Asia for many years

Who was the ceremonial leader of Japan's feudal structure?

Emperor

What title was given to the chief general in Japan's feudal system?

Shogun

Who were the owners of larger pieces of land and powerful samurai in Japan?

Daimyo

What code of conduct did samurai follow in Japan?

Code of Bushido

What qualities did the Code of Bushido emphasize?

Loyalty, courage, honour

What were lesser samurai in Japan's feudal structure similar to?

Vassals