Comprehensive Human Anatomy and Physiology: Digestive, Urinary, and Respiratory Systems

What is the stimulus for gastric secretion after eating?

Food stretching the stomach

What does gastrin stimulate the stomach to produce?

More acid and enzymes

Describe the direction of movement for secretion in the nephron.

Blood to nephron

What is excretion in the context of the urinary system?

Removal of waste out of the body

What does GFR measure in the kidneys?

How fast blood is filtered

What is formed in the large intestine?

Feces

What are the functions of the mesentery?

Holds intestines in place and brings blood supply and lymphatics

What do capillaries and lacteals in the intestinal villi absorb?

Nutrients

What structural features of the intestinal wall increase surface area for absorption?

Villi and microvilli

What is the function of the hepatic portal system?

Carries nutrient-rich blood from intestines to the liver

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

Detoxification, make bile, store glycogen, process nutrients, produce insulin, filter blood, absorb water

What is the primary role of the duodenum in chemical digestion?

Main site of chemical digestion

What is the function of bile in digestion?

Emulsifies fats

What is the function of the gallbladder in relation to bile?

Stores bile

Which organ produces bile?

Liver

What digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce for carbohydrates?

Amylase

What digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce for proteins?

Trypsin

What digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce for fats?

Lipase

What function does intrinsic factor perform in the stomach?

Absorbs Vitamin B12

What is the role of mucus in the stomach?

Protects the stomach lining

What digestive enzyme is found in gastric secretions and what does it break down?

Pepsin, which digests proteins

What is the function of HCl in the stomach?

Kills microbes

What structure connects the esophagus to the stomach?

Lower esophageal sphincter

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following are functions of saliva?

Lubrication, digestion, protection, absorption, secretion of acid, sterilization

What are the components of saliva that aid in digestion and protection?

Amylase, mucus, and antibodies

What is the function of the palates in the mouth?

Separate nasal cavity from mouth

What are the two main functions of the tongue in the mouth?

Taste and moving food

What type of digestion is performed by the teeth?

Mechanical digestion

What is the role of accessory digestive organs?

Add enzymes and hormones

What defines the 'alimentary canal' in the digestive system?

The path food passes through

Name the three accessory organs of the digestive system mentioned.

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

What are the major functions of the urinary system?

Filter blood, regulate BP, regulate pH, regulate electrolytes, regulate RBCs

What two components are necessary for voluntary control of urination?

External sphincter and brain

Which sphincter controls the involuntary aspect of releasing urine?

Internal sphincter

What hormone do the kidneys release to stimulate red blood cell production?

EPO

What role do the kidneys play in bicarbonate balance for acid-base regulation?

Reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

How do the kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by handling hydrogen ions?

Excrete H⁺

What are the effects of angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin system?

Increases blood pressure and stimulates aldosterone release

Order the sequence of events in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) when blood pressure is low.

1. Low BP detected 2. Renin is released 3. Angiotensin II is produced 4. Blood pressure increases 5. Aldosterone is released

What effect does the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) have on kidney blood flow?

Reduces kidney blood flow

Which hormone, besides aldosterone, influences water balance by saving water only?

ADH

What does aldosterone primarily act to save in the kidneys?

Sodium and water

Describe the direction of movement for reabsorption in the nephron.

Nephron to blood

Describe the direction of movement for filtration in the nephron.

Blood to nephron

What is the main function of the collecting duct in the nephron, particularly in relation to hormones?

Water regulation (influenced by ADH)

What two processes are key functions of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

Secretion and fine-tuning

What is the function of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?

Concentrates urine

What process occurs primarily in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) of the nephron?

Reabsorption

What is the primary role of the glomerulus within a nephron?

Filtration

What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for making urine?

Nephron

What is the function of the urethra?

Exit tube for urine

What organ stores urine?

Bladder

What is the function of the ureters?

Carry urine to the bladder

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Filter blood