Abnormal Psych Week 6 Unit 2

What is depression?

a low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms

What is major depressive disorder?

a severe pattern of depression that is disabling and not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

What is deep brain stimulation?

a treatment for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in the patient’s subgenual cingulate, thus stimulating that brain area

What is cognitive triad?

the three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorized lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one’s experiences, oneself, and the future

What is learned helplessness?

the perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcements in one’s life

What is behavioral activation?

a therapy for depression in which the therapist works systematically to increase the number of constructive and pleasurable activities and events in a client’s life

What is unipolar depression?

depression without a history of mania

What is mania?

a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

What is suicide?

a self-inflicted death in which the person acts intentionally, directly, and consciously

What is nonsuicidal self-injury?

direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue that is not accompanied by an intent to die

What is hopelessness?

a pessimistic belief that one’s present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change

What is dichotomous thinking?

viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms

What is mood?

internal, subjective, stable/sustained emotional state

What is euthymia?

normal, non-depressed, positive mood

What is dysphoria?

profound unease, dissatisfaction, or emotional distress

What is a broad/full affect?

healthy range of emotional expression

What is restricted/constricted affect?

limited range of emotional expression

What is labile affect?

unstable, rapidly shifting

What is affect?

emotional expression

What is the primary symptom of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

irritability, temper outbursts

When is the onset of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

before age 10 (and not for those w/ developmental age of less than 6 years or older than 18 years)

When is the onset of major depressive disorder?

any age, most common in 20s

What is the duration of major depressive disorder?

5+ symptoms present nearly every day in same 2-week period

When is the onset of persistent depressive disorder?

typically early adolescence

What is the duration of persistent depressive disorder?

2+ symptoms present most days for at least 2 years (1 year in children/adolescents)

What is the etiology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

menstrual cycle

What is the primary symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

depressive symptoms in the premenstrual phase of the cycle that remit when the cycle starts

What is the etiology of substance/medicine-induced depressive disorder?

substance/medication use

What is the onset of substance/medication-induced depressive disorder?

after use

What is the MDD specifier with anxious distress?

symptoms of anxiety present that do not meet criteria for an anxiety disorder

What is the MDD specifier with mixed features?

manic/hypomanic symptoms present that do not meet criteria for bipolar disorder

What is the MDD specifier with melancholic features?

absence of capacity for pleasure; mood does not brighten at all

What is the MDD specifier with atypical features?

symptoms of mood reactivity with periods of euthymia

What is the MDD specifier with psychotic features?

presence of delusions or hallucination

What is the MDD specifier with catatonia?

catatonic features present most of the time

What is the MDD specifier with peripartum onset?

onset during (or within 4 weeks after) pregnancy

What is the MDD specifier with seasonal pattern?

symptoms only during specific seasons (most commonly winter)

How does the gut biome affect mental heatlh?

unhealthy gut = hormones released due to inflammation, not enough GABA and serotonin, gut is directly attached to vagus nerve

What are the targets of interpersonal therapy?

grief and loss (process emotions and effects of loss)

interpersonal disputes (importance of relationship/intensity of dispute)

role transitions (life events timeline, reaction to change)

interpersonal deficits (build communication skills based on attachment style)

What is the cognitive specificity hypothesis?

different disorders are characterized by different types of automatic thoughts (ex: depression - loss, self-blame)

What is the cognitive triad?

beliefs about self, the world, the future

What are Seligman’s attributional styles?

a personal explanatory style (the way we explain disappointments or failures)

What is a stable attributional style?

failures reflect fixed factors (“will always be this way”)

What is an unstable attributional failure?

failures reflect temporary, or situational factors (”temporary and can get better)

What is a global attributional style?

beliefs that failures affect all aspects of life (“affects everything in my life”)

What is specific attributional style?

beliefs that failures affect isolated aspects of life and do not generalize (“only happens in this particular situation”)

What is a hypomanic episode?

a milder, less extreme version of mania (longer duration with lower severity)

How is mania different from hypomania?

manic episode > 3 days

hypomanic episode > 7 days

What are the three types of bipolar disorders?

Bipolar I disorder: at least 1 or more manic episodes

Bipolar II disorder: at least 1 hypomanic episode and at least 1 depressive episode

Cyclothymic disorder: chronic cycling between mild hypomanic and depressive symptoms for at least a year that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic or depressive episode

What is the neurobiology of self-harm?

bodies have the capacity to heal and protect

after an injury the body attempts to decrease pain and heal

endorphins released as natural morphine to alleviate pain - leads to calming effect of self-harm

What is ideation in terms of suicide?

thoughts about suicide, death, or dying (active: plan present, passive: no plan, “wish I wouldn’t wake up”)

What is intent in terms of suicide?

suicide or deliberate self-killing becomes one’s goal or purpose

What is plan in terms of suicide?

vision/steps of taking one’s life; common to have one specific plan across time

What is means/access in terms of suicide?

individual has access to elements in plan

What is preparatory behavior in terms of suicide?

can include anything beyond a verbalization or thought, such as assembling a method or preparing for one’s death by suicide

What is an attempt in terms of suicide?

a nonfatal self-directed potentially injurious behavior with any intent to die because of the behavior

What are risk factors of suicide?

anything that might increase someone’s likelihood of dying by suicide

What are predictors of suicide?

physical health: cancer, chronic pain

mental health: PTSD, MDD, NSSI

demographics: young adults and seniors, women have high rates of suicide attempt, men have higher rates of suicide death, LGBTQ+

availability of lethal means

biopsychosocial stressors: rurality, housing instability, social isolation, trauma

What are protective factors of suicide?

access to mental health care

sense of connectedness

problem-solving skills

sense of spirituality

What is Joiner’s interpersonal-psychological model?