AP HUG Unit 5 Vocab/Concepts

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63 Terms

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Agriculture

The modification of the earth’s surface to grow plants or domesticate animals for food

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Subsidy

Governmental support for a business

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Agricultural shifts in core countries

  • Farms have gone from small family farms to large corporate farms

  • Corporate farms have made many commodity chains

  • Technology has increased carrying capacity

  • Agribusiness has allowed more people to join the agricultural sector

  • Despite this, very few people work in agriculture today, and most of them are now men

  • Cheap labor is exploited

  • Efficiency has increased, while environmental harm has also increased and farms can be farther from markets

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Negative environmental effects of agriculture

  • Desertification

  • Water supply pollution (pesticides, fertilizers, animal waste)

  • Air pollution (animal waste, overgrazing, chemicals)

  • Salinization

  • Deforestation

  • Draining of rivers and aquifers

  • Loss of general soil fertility due to monocropping

  • Soil erosion due to deforestation and overgrazing

  • Soil compaction due to heavy machinery use

  • Lack of biodiversity

  • Diet preferences have resulted in only some plants and animals being eaten due to size, weight, and taste differences

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Modification of the environment for agriculture

Terraced farming and irrigation (ditches and trenches)

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Food production patterns and consumption influenced by

  • Urban farming

  • Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

  • Organic farming

  • Value-added specialty crops

  • Fair trade movements

  • Dietary shifts

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Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

  • Reduces food miles of crops and saves fossil fuels

  • Farmers use organic and humane methods for plants and animals

  • Make larger profits than others

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Effects of organic farms

  • No chemicals

  • Healthier for environment (less pollution)

  • Animals are raised without growth hormones (GMOs) or antibiotics, making their meat safer

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Fair trade movements

  • Farmers in developing countries make more profits and get more food

  • Workers are typically treated better

  • More sustainable mthods are used

  • Wealth disparity is diminished

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Von Thunen Model

  • Ring 1: Central city/market

  • Ring 2: Intensive farming/dairying

  • Ring 3: Forests

  • Ring 4: Extensive farming

  • Ring 5: Pastures

  • Land price and labor intensity increases as it gets closer to the market

  • Transportation rise as you get farther from the market

  • Assumes land is isotropic and theere is only one market

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Modern changes to the Von Thunen Model

  • The forest ring no longer exists

  • Dairy and intensive farming rings split (dairying is closer)

  • Landscape and climate vary

  • There are many markets (some products are regional)

  • Transportation costs are not as important

  • Technology is more advanced (refrigeration and farm efficiency is better)

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Reasons for food insecurity

  • Food deserts (places without access to healthy food)

  • Issues with distribution systems (lack of infrastructure, harsh government, and spoiling in LDCs)

  • Adverse weather (Storms, droughts, etc.)

  • Land lost to suburbanization

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Women in agriculture

  • Higher percentage in peripheral countries

  • More women in labor-intensive and subsistence farming within a rural society

  • Cultural reasons for numbers (ex: patriarchical society)

  • In LDCs often play big roles in harvesting and cooking, limiting their ability to go to school or join the workforce

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Agriculture chart

knowt flashcard image
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Intensive agriculture

  • Lots of labor and capital input

  • Usually small areas of land near markets

  • Often high-cost land and high production per acre

  • Often perishable goods

Ex: Milk, strawberries, feedlots

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Feedlot

An animal that is fed a lot of food to be fattened

Ex: Fattened cows, pigs, and sheep

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Milkshed

The area where milk can be produced and sent to a market without spoiling (type of functional region)

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Transhumance

Movement of livestock according to the seasons

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Pastoral nomadism

A lifestyle in which people move herds of domesticated animals to grazing areas (happens in dry Africa and Asia)

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Extensive agriculture

  • Little labor and capital input

  • Usually big areas of land far from markets

  • Often low-cost land and low production per acre

  • Often non-perishable goods

Ex: Livestock ranching, grain production, etc

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Commercial agriculture

Farming to sell goods (sometimes sell shares of food to corporations)

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Plantation agriculture

Cash crops grown on large estates (mostly owned by core countries)

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Cash crops

Crops grown for export and making money (often luxury)

Ex: Cotton in USA, rubber in Brazil

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Luxury crops

Crops that are not essential

Ex: Coffee, cacao, tea, tobacco

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Effects of exporting luxury crops in peripheral countries

  • Normal crops must be imported at higher prices

  • Water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, and salinization may result from poor farming technique

  • Monocropping is risky

  • Little infrastructure for transportation

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Monoculture

Dependence on a single crop (very risky)

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Commodity chain

The processes that occur from the ground to the consumer

Ex: The growth of lettuce to someone eating a salad kit

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Vertical integration

The ownership of the companies that control a commodity chain

Ex: If oranges are peeled by Company A and packaged by Company B, both companies are owned by one and perform both processes

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Shifting cultivation

Moving to more fertile soil (not the same as crop rotation)

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Crop rotation

The rotation of crops within multiple fields to prevent the soil from using too much of certain nutrients

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Fallow

The condition of the field not currently being used during crop rotation

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Contour plowing

A type of plowing that prevents erosion by raising the area that the seed is planted

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Intertillage

The space between crops (increased over time due to improved knowledge)

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Ridge filling

Planting on ridges after harvesting a crop

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Slash-and-burn agriculture

Trees and vegetation are cut down and burned for nutrients

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Subsistence agriculture

Farming for one’s needs (includes trading for essentials)

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Methods of modifying crop environment

  • Space: clearing or modifying land

  • Light: Artificial light

  • Water: Irrigation

  • Nutrients: Fertilizers

  • Temperature: Greenhouses and other buildings

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Boserup Hypothesis

The opposite of Malthusian theory, saying that food production methods will improve

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First Agricultural Revolution

  • Idea developed by Carl Sauer

  • Plants are domesticated

  • People begin to move away from hunter-gathering

  • Inefficient at first

  • Primarily root crops

  • Animals are domesticated and animal plow is used

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Second Agricultural Revolution

  • Great Britain in the 18th century

  • During IR (machines needed more resources, but more efficient farming means more factory workers)

  • Steel plow, McCormick harvester, seed drill, grain storage, tractors

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Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

  • The creation of high yield varieties of crops spread across the world

  • Reduced genetic variation

  • GMOs become primary food source (more resistant to pests and weeds)

  • New herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers were made

  • Transportation, machinery, and irrigation methods improved

  • Created a large desparity between core and peripheral countries

Ex: Mexican corn is almost only one variety

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GMO controversy

  • WHO and other organizations consider them safe

  • They typically aren’t harmful, but pestcicdes and other products used on them may be

  • It is very uncommon to find no-GMO products today

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Aquaculture

Fish farms

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Blue Revolution

The increased efficiency and production of fish farms

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Concerns of Green and Blue Revolutions

  • Concerns about water and soil usage

  • Concerns about the reduction of biodiversity

  • Reluctance to use ferilizers and pesticides

  • Debates over the sustainability of such practices

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Primary Economic Activity (EA)

Close to the ground

Ex: Agriculture, fishing, etc

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Secondary Economic Activity (EA)

Manufacturing

Ex: Creation of textiles, building of cars, etc

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Tertiary Economic Activity (EA)

Services

Ex: Medicine, teaching, sales

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Quaternary Economic Activity (EA)

Research and development, finance

Ex: Amgen, accountants, engineers

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Quinary Economic Activity (EA)

Leadership and authorities

Ex: CEOs, president of US

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Where plants originated

  • SE Asia: Taro, bananas, mangos, and coconuts

  • East Asia/China: Rice and soybeans

  • Fertile Crescent/Southwest Asia: Wheat, barley, and grains

  • Mesoamerica: Corn, squash, beans, and potatoes

  • Sub-Saharan Africa: Yams, sorghum, and coffee

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Where plants are grown today

  • Taro, bananas, mangos, and coconuts: East Indies, India

  • Rice and soybeans: Japan, Korea, China

  • Wheat, barley, and grains: Europe, Middle East, Northern/Eastern Africa

  • Corn, squash, beans, and potatoes: Americas

  • Yams, sorghum, coffee: Southern Africa

  • Olives, grapes, fiigs, citrus, assorted veggies: Mediterranean

  • Cocaine: Colombia

  • Heroin: South and Southeast Asia

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Where animals came from

  • Goats: Fertile Crescent

  • Dogs: Fertile Crescent

  • Pigs: Fertile Crescent

  • Sheep: Turkey

  • Cows: India/Middle East

  • Horse: Russia

  • Llama: South America

  • Alpaca: Andes Mountains

  • Chicken: Bangladesh area

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Modern domestication

  • Animals have gotten smaller over time (except for feedlots)

  • We no longer domesticate new animals

  • Hunter-gatherers are much less prominent today due to domestication

  • Nomadic herding pretty much only occurs in Africa and Asia

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Columbian Exchange

  • Occurred after the Spanish conquered South America and Mesoamerica

  • Across the Atlantic

  • Maize, squash, and potatoes were taken to Europe

  • Coffee sugar, horses, and cattle were brought to the Americas

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Trade routes

  • Silk Road brought plants and animals to and from Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe

  • Indian Ocean brought plants and animals to and from South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe

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Cadastral system

How land ownership and property is defined

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Township and range survey system

A cadastral system that appoints land in geometric squares and rectangles

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Metes and bounds survey system

A cadastral system with boundaries dictated and demarcated by natural features

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Longlot survey system

A cadastral system with long plots of land that shares access to a resource (typically a river)

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Primogenture

When the oldest son or first daughter to marry’s husband gets the land from their father

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Koppen Classification System

The classifcation system for climates

  • A: Hot, warm, and humid (equatorial)

  • B: Dry (desert-ish)

  • C: Humid and temperate (Europe, Northern California)

  • D: Humid and cold (New England, Canada, Russia)

  • E: Cold and polar (Antarctica, the Arctic)

  • H: Highlands

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Isotropic

Flat and featureless land (assumed by many land use models)