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chapter 1
chapter 1
who is the father of psychology?
wilhelm wundt
major researchers that shaped the field
william james, sigmund freud, ivan pavlov, john b watson, and bf skinner
maslows hierarchy of needs
bottom to top
freuds actual contributions
taught psychologists how important it is to employ the use of the scientific method and to use more testable hypotheses
area of psychology 1
cognitive psych - give attention to problem solving, language, and memory
area of psychology 2
developmental psych - studies development across a lifespan; physical aging, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior
area of psychology 3
personality psych - focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make people unique; personality traits are quantitatively measured. EX. myers-briggs type indicator; big five-factor model (aka OCEAN)
area of psychology 4
social psych - focuses on how we interact with and relate to others; EX. milgram experiments
area of psychology 5
school psych - concerned with the science and practice of psychology with children, youth, families; learners of all ages; and the schooling process
area of psychology 6
industrial & organizational psych - applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in business settings
area of psychology 7
health psych - focuses on how health is affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
area of psychology 8
sports and exercise psych - psychological aspects of sports performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing
area of psychology 9
clinical and counseling psych - clinical; focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior; counseling; focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy
constructs
construct is a variable that is not directly observable; EX. weather, job satisfaction
chapter 2
chapter 2
quantitative
means you can quantify or put a “value” on the information; gather data in the form of numbers; EX. surveys
qualitative
is descriptive—you’re describing a situation with words, not numbers gather data in the form of information; EX. interviews
theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
hypothesis
testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct, and it is often worded as an if-then statement.
naturalistic observation
observing behavior in its natural setting while blending in to the setting
archival research
relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships
longitudinal research
data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time
correlation
a statistical relationship between two or more variables
positive correlation
variables move in the same direction; for example, time spent studying and grades; when time spent studying increases, grades also increase
negative correlation
variables move in opposite directions; for example, time spent watching stranger things and grades in an art class; when time spent watching stranger things increases, art class grades decrease
correlation does not equal causation
correlation does not equal causation
conditions to determine causation
temporal precedence- one variable happens before another (cause precedes effect)
establish a relationship- the two (or more) variables are related (usually correlation) (cause is related to effect)
rule out alternatives- you can conclude that there aren’t any other reasons it may seem like the variables are related
why- you can logically explain why one variable causes another
experimental group
the group that receives the treatment
control group
the group that doesn’t receive the treatment (but doesn’t know)
single blind study
participants don’t know if they’re in the control group or the experimental groups but the researchers know
double blind study
neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the control group or the experimental group
reliablity
refers to the ability to do the same study more than once and arrive at the same (or incredibly similar) findings
validity
the accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
ethics
most important things: don’t make up data; don’t fake results; don’t lie, just don’t; every study that’s published in a peer-reviewed journal has to be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) pretty much every college has its own IRB; some IRBs have a reputation for being quite strict but that’s a good thing
chapter 3
chapter 3
peripheral nervous system
made up of thick bundles of axons, called nerves, carrying messages back and forth between the CNS and the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body (i.e., everything outside the CNS) the PNS has two major subdivisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
lobes of the brain
endocrine system
consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones
chapter 4
chapter 4
internal stimuli
pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions
external stimuli
includes seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend
melatonin
the hormone that makes us (as humans) feel sleepy
sleep debt
people with less sleep than they’re supposed to get will accrue sleep debt; result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
REM
rapid eye movement - darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
stages of sleep
phase between wakefulness and sleep: when we drift off to sleep
the body goes into deep relaxation
deep sleep
deep sleep
REM sleep
lucid dreams
dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state
sleep disorders
insomnia - a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep narcolepsy - sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inappropriate times
substance use disorders
often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and they continue to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences, evident by aspects of physical and psychological dependence
chapter 5
chapter 5
senses we experience
hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and touch/feeling, balance, pain, temperature
subliminal messages
are messages we receive but aren’t consciously aware that they’re being delivered
just noticeable difference threshold (JND)
difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli
pain perception
inflammatory pain - signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred neuropathic pain - pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system congenital insensitivity to pain - a rare genetic disorder where a person is born without the ability to feel pain
gestalt principles
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
similarity
proximity
continuity
closure