psych

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chapter 1

chapter 1

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who is the father of psychology?

wilhelm wundt

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major researchers that shaped the field

william james, sigmund freud, ivan pavlov, john b watson, and bf skinner

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maslows hierarchy of needs

bottom to top

<p>bottom to top</p>
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freuds actual contributions

taught psychologists how important it is to employ the use of the scientific method and to use more testable hypotheses

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area of psychology 1

cognitive psych - give attention to problem solving, language, and memory

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area of psychology 2

developmental psych - studies development across a lifespan; physical aging, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior

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area of psychology 3

personality psych - focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make people unique; personality traits are quantitatively measured. EX. myers-briggs type indicator; big five-factor model (aka OCEAN)

<p>personality psych - focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make people unique; personality traits are quantitatively measured. EX. myers-briggs type indicator; big five-factor model (aka OCEAN)</p>
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area of psychology 4

social psych - focuses on how we interact with and relate to others; EX. milgram experiments

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area of psychology 5

school psych - concerned with the science and practice of psychology with children, youth, families; learners of all ages; and the schooling process

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area of psychology 6

industrial & organizational psych - applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in business settings

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area of psychology 7

health psych - focuses on how health is affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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area of psychology 8

sports and exercise psych - psychological aspects of sports performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing

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area of psychology 9

clinical and counseling psych - clinical; focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior; counseling; focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy

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constructs

construct is a variable that is not directly observable; EX. weather, job satisfaction

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chapter 2

chapter 2

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quantitative

means you can quantify or put a “value” on the information; gather data in the form of numbers; EX. surveys

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qualitative

is descriptive—you’re describing a situation with words, not numbers gather data in the form of information; EX. interviews

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theory

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

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hypothesis

testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct, and it is often worded as an if-then statement.

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naturalistic observation

observing behavior in its natural setting while blending in to the setting

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archival research

relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships

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longitudinal research

data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time

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correlation

a statistical relationship between two or more variables

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positive correlation

variables move in the same direction; for example, time spent studying and grades; when time spent studying increases, grades also increase

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negative correlation

variables move in opposite directions; for example, time spent watching stranger things and grades in an art class; when time spent watching stranger things increases, art class grades decrease

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correlation does not equal causation

correlation does not equal causation

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conditions to determine causation

  1. temporal precedence- one variable happens before another (cause precedes effect)

  2. establish a relationship- the two (or more) variables are related (usually correlation) (cause is related to effect)

  3. rule out alternatives- you can conclude that there aren’t any other reasons it may seem like the variables are related

  4. why- you can logically explain why one variable causes another

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experimental group

the group that receives the treatment

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control group

the group that doesn’t receive the treatment (but doesn’t know)

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single blind study

participants don’t know if they’re in the control group or the experimental groups but the researchers know

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double blind study

neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the control group or the experimental group

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reliablity

refers to the ability to do the same study more than once and arrive at the same (or incredibly similar) findings

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validity

the accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

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ethics

most important things: don’t make up data; don’t fake results; don’t lie, just don’t; every study that’s published in a peer-reviewed journal has to be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) pretty much every college has its own IRB; some IRBs have a reputation for being quite strict but that’s a good thing

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chapter 3

chapter 3

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peripheral nervous system

made up of thick bundles of axons, called nerves, carrying messages back and forth between the CNS and the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body (i.e., everything outside the CNS) the PNS has two major subdivisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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central nervous system

the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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lobes of the brain

knowt flashcard image
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endocrine system

consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

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chapter 4

chapter 4

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internal stimuli

pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions

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external stimuli

includes seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend

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melatonin

the hormone that makes us (as humans) feel sleepy

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sleep debt

people with less sleep than they’re supposed to get will accrue sleep debt; result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

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REM

rapid eye movement - darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

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stages of sleep

  1. phase between wakefulness and sleep: when we drift off to sleep

  2. the body goes into deep relaxation

  3. deep sleep

  4. deep sleep

  5. REM sleep

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lucid dreams

dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state

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sleep disorders

insomnia - a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep narcolepsy - sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inappropriate times

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substance use disorders

often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and they continue to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences, evident by aspects of physical and psychological dependence

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chapter 5

chapter 5

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senses we experience

hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and touch/feeling, balance, pain, temperature

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subliminal messages

are messages we receive but aren’t consciously aware that they’re being delivered

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just noticeable difference threshold (JND)

difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli

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pain perception

inflammatory pain - signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred neuropathic pain - pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system congenital insensitivity to pain - a rare genetic disorder where a person is born without the ability to feel pain

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gestalt principles

field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts

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similarity

knowt flashcard image
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proximity

knowt flashcard image
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continuity

knowt flashcard image
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closure

knowt flashcard image
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