Study+Outline+Exam+2+204+2025

What is the average weight and length of newborns?

The average weight of newborns is 7.5 pounds (3.4 kilograms) and the average length is about 20 inches (51 centimeters).

What does percentile mean in the context of infant development?

Percentile is used to compare an infant's growth measurements to a reference population, indicating how the infant's growth relates to others.

Why is infant sleep important?

Infant sleep is crucial for brain development, physical growth, and overall health.

What is a typical sleeping pattern for infants?

Infants typically sleep 14-17 hours a day, with periods of deep sleep (REM) and light sleep.

What are newborn reflexes?

Involuntary responses to stimuli, such as the rooting reflex, grasping reflex, and moro reflex.

How do infants' sensory capacities develop?

Infants have developing sensory capacities in vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell, which improve over time.

What is SIDS and what are some possible causes?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant, with potential causes including sleep position and environmental factors.

What factors lower the risk of SIDS?

Placing infants on their backs to sleep, using a firm sleep surface, and avoiding soft bedding reduces the risk of SIDS.

What is shaken baby syndrome?

A serious brain injury resulting from violently shaking an infant, leading to potential long-term repercussions.

What do we know about infant crying?

Crying is a primary form of communication for infants, indicating needs like hunger or discomfort.

What are infant motor skills, and how do they develop?

Motor skills are abilities that involve movement, developing through stages such as reaching, crawling, and walking.

What are the recommendations regarding breastfeeding?

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, with continued breastfeeding alongside solid foods until at least one year.

What do we know about infant memory?

Infants have limited memory capabilities that develop over time, with memories being increasingly retained as they age.

What is object permanence, and when does it occur?

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, typically developing around 8-12 months.

What is the universal sequence of language development?

The sequence includes cooing, babbling, one-word stages, and then multi-word stage.

What did we learn about screen time and language development?

Excessive screen time can hinder language development in infants and toddlers.

What is the language acquisition device?

A hypothetical brain mechanism proposed to facilitate the learning of language.

Who proposed the concept of the language acquisition device (LAD)?

Noam Chomsky.

What are various theories of language development?

Theories include behaviorism, nativism, and interactionism; no single theory fully explains language development.

What are early emotions displayed in infants, and when do they occur?

Early emotions include joy, anger, and fear, typically occurring within the first few months of life.

What are primary and secondary emotions?

Primary emotions are basic emotions like happiness and sadness, while secondary emotions like embarrassment and pride develop later.

What is separation anxiety?

A developmental stage where infants become distressed when separated from a primary caregiver.

What is self-awareness, and when does it develop?

Self-awareness is the recognition of oneself as an individual, developing around 15-18 months.

What study is well known for examining self-awareness in young children?

The mirror test, which assesses whether a child can recognize themselves in a mirror.

What are the types of temperament according to Chess and Thomas?

They identified three types: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up temperament.

What are the dimensions of temperament?

Dimensions include activity level, mood, adaptability, and intensity of reaction.

What does research suggest regarding the stability of emotional temperament?

Temperament can be stable over time, influencing later emotional and behavioral outcomes.

What is self-regulation?

The ability to manage emotions and behaviors in accordance with social expectations.

What is effortful control?

A component of self-regulation that involves inhibiting impulses and managing emotions effectively.

What is synchrony in the context of child development?

The mutual and reciprocal interactions between caregiver and infant that foster emotional development.

What is the still face experiment?

An experiment demonstrating the effects of maternal unresponsiveness on infant behavior and emotional distress.

What are the types of attachment identified in attachment theory?

Types include secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant, and disorganized attachment.

Who studied attachment, and what are some associated risk factors?

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth studied attachment; risk factors include inconsistency and neglect from caregivers.

What is social referencing?

The process where infants look to caregivers for cues on how to respond in uncertain situations.

What are parenting styles discussed in psychology?

Parenting styles include authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.

What does research tell us about daycare?

Quality daycare can benefit cognitive and social development, but outcomes vary based on context.

What is the corpus callosum?

A structure that connects the two brain hemispheres, facilitating communication between them.

What roles do impulsiveness and perseveration play in behavior?

Impulsiveness is the tendency to act without thinking, while perseveration involves repetitive behaviors or thoughts.

What are the major attainments of the preoperational stage?

Symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and intuitive thought are key attainments during this stage.

What obstacles to logic exist during the preoperational stage?

Obstacles include centration, conservation challenges, and egocentrism.

Who was Vygotsky and what did he contribute to psychology?

Vygotsky emphasized the social context of learning and introduced concepts like the zone of proximal development.

What is the zone of proximal development?

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

What is executive functioning?

Higher-order cognitive processes that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control.

What is theory of mind?

The understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that differ from one’s own.

What does research suggest about learning two languages in early childhood?

Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and does not negatively impact language development.

What are teacher-directed and child-directed programs?

Teacher-directed programs emphasize structured learning led by educators, while child-directed programs focus on play-based learning initiated by children.

What does research say about Head Start?

Head Start programs promote early learning and development for disadvantaged children, showing positive outcomes.

What Erikson's stages are evident during infancy and early childhood?

The stages include trust vs. mistrust in infancy and initiative vs. guilt in early childhood.

What are Erikson's stages?

Stages in psychosocial development including trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, etc.

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Stages include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

What is emotional self-regulation?

The ability to control one's emotional responses and behaviors.

How can parents help a child develop self-regulation skills?

Modeling appropriate emotional responses and providing guided opportunities for practice.

How does the brain mature during early childhood?

Brain development includes increased myelination, growth in synaptic connections, and hemisphere specialization.

What is the Marshmallow test?

A study measuring self-control by assessing a child's ability to delay gratification with a marshmallow.

What does research tell us about motivation and praise?

Positive reinforcement and encouragement can enhance motivation; praise focused on effort fosters a growth mindset.

What are the types of play in childhood?

Types include solitary play, parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play.

What is the goal of social play?

To develop social skills, cooperation, and emotional understanding through interactions with peers.

What does rough and tumble play teach?

Rough and tumble play helps children learn boundaries, physical skills, and social cues.

What should we know about screen time?

Excessive screen time can lead to negative outcomes in development, including reduced social skills.

What are the parenting styles discussed by Baumrind?

Baumrind identified authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful styles of parenting.

What is goodness of fit?

The compatibility between a child's temperament and the demands of their environment.

What are the implications of discipline, spanking, and alternatives?

Research indicates that non-violent discipline yields better long-term outcomes than spanking.

What are the types of aggression?

Types of aggression can include physical, verbal, and relational aggression.